Economic Growth: Key Concepts and Calculations
Monday, November 28
•
Good morning, happy Monday! Hope you’ve had a restful;
break.
•
All outside work is due on Friday.
•
Quizzes are due by Sunday at midnight.
UNIT 6: ECONOMIC GROWTH
When you have completed this unit, you will be able to:
1.
Define and calculate the economic growth rate,
and real GDP per capita growth rate
2.
Identify the determinants/sources of economic
growth
3.
Describe the policies that might speed economic
growth
Growth as a Goal
•
Growth is a widely held economic goal.
•
When a nation can expand its output relative to its population,
generally speaking, good things happen…
•
Wages and incomes increase
•
Standard of living increase
•
Production increases
•
Unemployment decreases, etc.
•
A growing economy can, in short, lessen the burdens of
scarcity by consuming more, and therefore, producing more.
•
A growing economy means a nation is ready to undertake new
endeavors by utilizing its goods and services more readily.
The Basics of Economic Growth
•
Economic growth is
a
sustained expansion of
production possibilities
measured as the increase in
real GDP over a given period
.
•
How do we show economic
growth graphically on a PPF?
•
We can calculate for the
Economic growth rate
which
is the annual percentage
change of real GDP.
Calculating Economic Growth Rate
•
To calculate this growth rate, we use the formula
:
For example, if real GDP in the current year is $8.4
trillion and if real GDP in the previous year was $8.0
trillion, then the growth rate of real GDP is
Standard of Living
•
We can also measure growth based on the
standard of living
.
•
Standard of living depends on real GDP per
person, or
real GDP per capita
.
•
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.
•
The contribution of real GDP growth to the
change in the standard of living depends on
the growth rate of real GDP per person.
•
The growth rate of real GDP per person can
also be calculated by using the formula:
Rule of 70
Economic Growth
Growth Rates
Growth rate
Years for level
(% per year)
to double
Example
2
35
U.S. real GDP per person
7
10
China real GDP per person
5 Sources of Economic Growth
•
Quantity of Labor
– the amount
of labor hours available within
the economy.
•
Labor Productivity
– the
quantity of real GDP produced
by one hour of labor.
•
Saving and Investing
(I) in
physical capital
•
Expansion of human capital
•
Technology
Labor Productivity
•
When labor productivity grows,
real GDP per person grows, so
the growth in labor productivity
is the basis of rising living
standards.
•
The growth of labor productivity
depends on three things:
•
Saving and investment in
physical capital
•
Expansion of human capital
•
Discovery of new
technologies
Sources of Economic Growth
•
Saving and Investment in Physical
Capital
•
Saving and investment in physical
capital increase the amount of capital
per worker and increase labor
productivity.
•
Expansion of Human Capital
•
Human capital—the accumulated skill
and knowledge of people —comes
from two sources: Education and
training, and Job experience
•
Technology
•
Some of the most powerful and far-
reaching technologies are embodied
in human capital. But most
technologies are embodied in
physical capital.
Six Determinants of Growth – Factors
That Directly Affect the Rate of Growth
•
Supply-side Determinants
: (1)Increases in quantity or quality of
Natural Resources, (2) Human Capital, (3)Supply (stock) of
capital goods, (4) Improved Technology
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Theories of Economic Growth
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This creates perpetual motion in
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Perpetual Motion – New Growth Theory
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Perpetual Motion
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But people want a
yet higher
standard of living,
and the growth
process continues.
Benefits of Economic Growth
1.
Higher Standard of Living
2.
New and Better Jobs
3.
New and Better Products
4.
More Leisure
5.
New and Better Techniques
6.
Innovation
7.
New Firms Born and old firms
die (What do we call this?)
Preconditions of Economic Growth
•
Economic Freedom
:
the fundamental
precondition for creating the incentives
that lead to economic growth. People
are able to make personal choices,
their private property is protected, and
they are free to buy and sell in markets.
•
Property Rights
: the social
arrangements that govern the
protection of private property. Economic
freedom requires the protection of
private property—the factors of
production and goods that people own.
•
Free Markets/Trade
: the ability to
pursue self-interest.
•
Efficient financial institutions
•
Literacy/Education
How can we achieve faster growth?
•
Create incentive mechanism -
$$$$
•
Encourage Savings = $ for “I” –
This happens through bank loans
•
Encourage research and
development = innovation
•
Encourage international trade.
Creates higher levels of economic
efficiency and cheaper inputs
•
Improve quality of education =
Why?
Policies to Promote Economic Growth
•
F
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Short Run impacts = increase
AD
•
Long Run impacts = increase
SRAS (productivity between
human capital and
infrastructure).
Growth vs. Return to Full Employment
•
Growth = right shift of the PPF or LRAS
•
Caused by the four supply factors: (1) Increase quantity and
quality of natural resources, (2) increase quantity and quality
of human capital, (3) increase in supply (stock) of capital
goods, (4) improved technology.
•
All other increases in rGDP (AS or AD) are called
“progress toward full employment”. These would be
increases that move the economy out of recession.
Growth or Recovery –
Draw the PPF, Phillips,
and AS/AD graph and explain
1.
For the month of November,
U.S. unemployment was
6.5%.
2.
You are the Economist, what
would you do??
A. Help the nation recover to
the natural rate of
unemployment.
B. After the recovery, how
would you grow the
economy?
Economic growth is a fundamental goal for nations, leading to increased wages, improved living standards, and reduced unemployment. This article explores the basics of economic growth, including how to calculate growth rates, real GDP per capita, and the Rule of 70 for forecasting future growth trends.
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Presentation Transcript
Monday, November 28 Good morning, happy Monday! Hope you ve had a restful; break. All outside work is due on Friday. Quizzes are due by Sunday at midnight.
UNIT 6: ECONOMIC GROWTH When you have completed this unit, you will be able to: 1. Define and calculate the economic growth rate, and real GDP per capita growth rate 2. Identify the determinants/sources of economic growth 3. Describe the policies that might speed economic growth
Growth as a Goal Growth is a widely held economic goal. When a nation can expand its output relative to its population, generally speaking, good things happen Wages and incomes increase Standard of living increase Production increases Unemployment decreases, etc. A growing economy can, in short, lessen the burdens of scarcity by consuming more, and therefore, producing more. A growing economy means a nation is ready to undertake new endeavors by utilizing its goods and services more readily.
The Basics of Economic Growth Economic growth is a sustained expansion of production possibilities measured as the increase in real GDP over a given period. How do we show economic growth graphically on a PPF? We can calculate for the Economic growth rate which is the annual percentage change of real GDP.
Calculating Economic Growth Rate To calculate this growth rate, we use the formula: Real GDP in current year Real GDP in previous year Growth of real GDP = x 100 Real GDP in previous year For example, if real GDP in the current year is $8.4 trillion and if real GDP in the previous year was $8.0 trillion, then the growth rate of real GDP is Growth of real GDP = $8.4 trillion $8.0 trillion x 100 = 5 percent. $8.0 trillion
Standard of Living We can also measure growth based on the standard of living. Standard of living depends on real GDP per person, or real GDP per capita. Real GDP per capita is determined by the real GDP divided by the population. The contribution of real GDP growth to the change in the standard of living depends on the growth rate of real GDP per person. The growth rate of real GDP per person can also be calculated by using the formula: Growth of real GDP per person Growth rate of real GDP Growth rate of population =
Rule of 70 Economists pay attention to even the slightest of changes in growth because it can mean big things over time. Rule of 70 tells us that we can find the number of years it takes for the level of any variable to double, given its annual percentage increase, by dividing that increase by 70. Number of Years to double real GDP = 70 ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? What is the difference between 7% and 2%?
Economic Growth Growth Rates Growth rate (% per year) 2 7 Years for level to double Example 35 10 U.S. real GDP per person China real GDP per person
5 Sources of Economic Growth Quantity of Labor the amount of labor hours available within the economy. Labor Productivity the quantity of real GDP produced by one hour of labor. Saving and Investing (I) in physical capital Expansion of human capital Technology
Labor Productivity When labor productivity grows, real GDP per person grows, so the growth in labor productivity is the basis of rising living standards. The growth of labor productivity depends on three things: Saving and investment in physical capital Expansion of human capital Discovery of new technologies
Sources of Economic Growth Saving and Investment in Physical Capital Saving and investment in physical capital increase the amount of capital per worker and increase labor productivity. Expansion of Human Capital Human capital the accumulated skill and knowledge of people comes from two sources: Education and training, and Job experience Technology Some of the most powerful and far- reaching technologies are embodied in human capital. But most technologies are embodied in physical capital.
Six Determinants of Growth Factors That Directly Affect the Rate of Growth Supply-side Determinants: (1)Increases in quantity or quality of Natural Resources, (2) Human Capital, (3)Supply (stock) of capital goods, (4) Improved Technology These supply factors enable a economy to physically expand its potential GDP which will cause a shift of the PPF or LRAS. Demand-side Determinant: Households, firms and the government must purchasethe economy s expanding output of goods. This is known as the demand factor of growth. Efficiency Determinant: To reach it s full production potential, an economy must achieve efficiency and full employment. This is the efficiency factor.
Theories of Economic Growth Classical Growth Theory: exploding population, limited resources Malthus Neoclassical Growth: real GDP per capita will increase as long as technology progresses New Growth Theory: theory that our unlimited wants will lead us to ever greater productivity and perpetual economic growth. This creates perpetual motion in economy which is driven by insatiable wants that lead us to pursue profit and innovation.
Perpetual Motion New Growth Theory The figure illustrates new growth theory in terms of a perpetual motion machine. 1. People want a higher standard of living and are spurred by... 2. Profit incentives to make the... 3. Innovations that lead to...
Perpetual Motion 4. New and better techniques and new and better products, which in turn lead to... 5. The birth of new firms and the death of some old firms,
Perpetual Motion 6. New and better jobs, and... 7. More leisure and more consumption goods and services.
Perpetual Motion The result is... 8. A higher standard of living. But people want a yet higher standard of living, and the growth process continues.
Benefits of Economic Growth Higher Standard of Living New and Better Jobs New and Better Products More Leisure New and Better Techniques Innovation New Firms Born and old firms die (What do we call this?) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Preconditions of Economic Growth Economic Freedom: the fundamental precondition for creating the incentives that lead to economic growth. People are able to make personal choices, their private property is protected, and they are free to buy and sell in markets. Property Rights: the social arrangements that govern the protection of private property. Economic freedom requires the protection of private property the factors of production and goods that people own. Free Markets/Trade: the ability to pursue self-interest. Efficient financial institutions Literacy/Education
How can we achieve faster growth? Create incentive mechanism - $$$$ Encourage Savings = $ for I This happens through bank loans Encourage research and development = innovation Encourage international trade. Creates higher levels of economic efficiency and cheaper inputs Improve quality of education = Why?
Policies to Promote Economic Growth FiscalPolicy(taxes): aimed at investment, not consumption (tax credits for more capital) Fiscal Policy (Spending): aimed at higher quality education and infrastructure. Monetary Policy: lower interest rates to create more investment and increase capital. Short Run impacts = increase AD Long Run impacts = increase SRAS (productivity between human capital and infrastructure).
Growth vs. Return to Full Employment Growth = right shift of the PPF or LRAS Caused by the four supply factors: (1) Increase quantity and quality of natural resources, (2) increase quantity and quality of human capital, (3) increase in supply (stock) of capital goods, (4) improved technology. All other increases in rGDP (AS or AD) are called progress toward full employment . These would be increases that move the economy out of recession.
Growth or Recovery Draw the PPF, Phillips, and AS/AD graph and explain For the month of November, U.S. unemployment was 6.5%. You are the Economist, what would you do?? A. Help the nation recover to the natural rate of unemployment. B. After the recovery, how would you grow the economy? 1. 2.
