Cylinder and Crankcase: A Comprehensive Guide
This guide delves into the working principles of a cylinder and crankcase in a machinery system. It covers the functions, components, and interactions between these crucial elements. Understanding how cylinders and crankcases operate is essential for anyone working with mechanical systems or interested in engineering. The content offers detailed insights and explanations to help readers grasp the significance of these components in various applications.
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Cylinder Cylinder and and Crankcase Crankcase 1
The cylinders of marine diesel engines are water cooled. The bore of each cylinder is formed in a liner which can be replaced when worn out and which is surrounded by a cooling water jacket. The water is in direct contact with the outer surface of the liner as a result of which it is termed a wet liner. In the most usual arrangement cylinder iron casing forming a cylinder block. liners are enclosed in one cast 4
The cylinders of marine diesel engines are . . The liner which jacket. The water is in direct contact with the outer surface .. In the most usual arrangement cylinder liners are block. bore which is of each .. when surrounded cylinder is formed worn cooling in a out and water by a of the liner as a result of which enclosed forming a cylinder 5
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Technical Specification of 8-Cylinder Diesel Engine: Fuel kW.h) Oil kW.h) Overall dimensions (mm) Rated power (kW) Rated rpm (r/min) Net weight (kg) Model consumption(g/ consumption(g/ 8190ZLCZ-R 720 1450 3175 1220 2055 5200 204 1.2 8190ZLC 720 1450 3175 1220 2055 5200 204 1.2 8190ZLCZ-1R 600 1200 3175 1220 2055 5200 202 1.2 8190ZLC-1 600 1200 3175 1220 2055 5200 202 1.2 8190ZLCZ-2R 500 1000 3175 1220 2055 5200 202 1.2 8190ZLC-2 500 1000 3175 1220 2055 5200 202 1.2 8190ZLCZ-3R 650 1300 3175 1220 2055 5200 202 1.2 8190ZLC-3 650 1300 3175 1220 2055 5200 202 1.2 8
The cylinders, but there are often dividing walls to ensure that each cylinder receives the right amount and flow of through which the water spaces may be cleaned and inspected alternative direct touch with the cooling water but make a metal - to - metal contact with the cylinder casting which contains the water jackets and are known as dry liners. These can be made fairly thin as the cylinder casting between dry liner and casting is absolutely necessary ; if it is missing, considerable resistance to heat flow results. cooling water jacket is common to all the water. Doors are provided on the cylinder casing, when construction overhauling the the engine. In not an in liners do come itself withstands all stresses. Close contact 9
The there cylinder receives the right amount and ___________ of water. Doors are provided on the ___________, through which the water spaces may be cleaned and inspected when ___________ construction touch with the cooling water but make a metal - to - metal contact with the cylinder casting which contains the water jackets and are known as ___________. These can itself withstands all ___________. Close contact between dry liner and casting is absolutely necessary ; if it is missing, considerable ___________ to heat flow results. ___________ is are common dividing to all to the ensure cylinders, but that often walls each the engine. In do an come alternative in the ___________ not direct be made fairly thin as the cylinder ___________ 10
The top of each cylinder is closed by a cylinder head or cover held down by studs and nuts to the cylinder block making a gas - tight seal between the head and the liner. The complete cylinder block is supported above the crankcase by a structure which may take one of several forms. A typical design of a slow speed marine diesel engine is shown in Fig. 1.3. The crankshaft is carried in bearings formed in a bedplate. On the bedplate is mounted a casting termed the column or frame which forms the crankcase and supports the cylinder block. The forces produced by the gas pressure in the cylinders are transmitted from the top of the cylinder block directly to the bedplate by the tie bolts (tie rods ). These bolts pass through all the separate components of the structure, thus maintaining them in compression and ensuring that all major tensile loads are carried by the steel members. 12
The top of each cylinder a cylinder head or cover held down by studs and nuts to the cylinder block between the head and the liner. is closed by The complete cylinder block by a structure which may take one of several forms. is supported above the crankcase A typical design of a slow speed marine diesel engine in Fig. 1.3. is shown The crankshaft is carried formed in a bedplate. in bearings On the bedplate is mounted a casting termed the column or frame the crankcase and supports the cylinder block. . which forms The forces produced by the gas pressure in the cylinders from the top of the cylinder block by the tie bolts (tie rods ). are transmitted These bolts pass through all the separate components of the structure, in compression and all major tensile loads are carried by the steel members. thus maintaining them is closed by / / making a gas making a gas - - tight seal tight seal is supported above the crankcase is shown n bearings which forms are transmitted / / directly to the bedplate directly to the bedplate thus maintaining them / / ensuring that ensuring that 13
What are diesel engines cooled with ? Where does the cooling water circulate ? What does the cylinder block enclose ? What is the function of the dividing walls in the water spaces ? Why is a firm contact needed between a dry liner and the cylinder casting ? How is a gas - tight seal between a head and a cylinder ensured ? What other types of seal do you know ? Describe the type of crankcase shown in Fig. 1.3. What are tie bolts intended for ? What loads do they have to carry ? State the main structural features of petrol engines used in motor cars. 15
I Column A includes definitions of some of the terms listed in column B definition with the right term forming a full sentence. I Column A includes definitions of some of the terms listed in column B . . Match definition with the right term forming a full sentence. Match each each Now beginning from the column B make a definition of each term using a relative clause. Use information from Lesson One for those not defined in column A . Ex housing which / that / contains the crankshaft and provides the space for its rotation. Ex. The crankcase is / may be defined as / the housing which / that / contains the crankshaft and provides the space for its rotation. . The crankcase is / may be defined as / the 17
A B 1. Crankcase Cylinder head Wet liner Dry liner Cylinder block Tensile loads Column Water jacket Tie bolt Bed plate Cylinder bore Bearings Replaceable sleeve inserted in the cylinder block directly surrounded by cooling water. Steel rod running from the bedplate to the cylinder block to the tie the structure together in vertical direction. Component closing the top end of the cylinder so as to make a confined space in which to compress air. Base supporting the crankshaft bearing and enclosing the lower part of the crankcase. Enclosed space surrounding the cylinder liner for the cooling water to circulate Stretching force produced by firing pressures tending to push the cylinder head and the crankshaft bearings apart 7. Casting containing the cylinders. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 18
II Below are two diagrams representing the main stationary ( i.e. fixed ) parts of a marine diesel engine. II Below are two diagrams representing the main stationary ( i.e. fixed ) parts of a marine diesel engine. Complete the labeling against the letters ( a - k ). Give a description of each element with reference to its location, function, material or any feature you can think of. 19
III For each of the words in the list A find a word of similar meanings in List B ( the words of the latter group are used in the text ) III For each of the words in the list A find a word of similar meanings in List B ( the words of the latter group are used in the text ) List A List B 1. to carry 2. cover 3. circulation 4. contact 5. to encircle 6. to hold 7. part 8. to place (on) 9. to resist 10. to shut to mount a. b. to surround component d. to close flow to maintain head h. to support touch to withstand c. e. f. g. i. j. 20
IV Choose suitable words from list B to replace the underlined expressions. IV Choose suitable words from list B to replace the underlined expressions. The structure of most engines consists of three parts: the bedplate, frame and cylinder block all being held in compression by long tie bolts to resist the stresses created by the firing loads. A casting, known as the column, is placed on the bed plate and carries the cylinder block. In order to keep low temperature cylinder liners are encircled with a jacket and cooling is carried out by the circulation of fresh water. A liner is said to be wet when its outer surface is in direct contact with cooling water. A cover shuts the top end of cylinders; in some types of engine the cylinder cover is in two parts; a cast iron water - cooled lower half and a cast - steel uncooled upper half. 21
V V a) following using them in sentences your own: a) Find words of opposite meaning for the following using them in sentences your own: Find words of opposite meaning for the thin thin, inner, minor, bottom, dry , inner, minor, bottom, dry. . Ex. A gas tight seal means a seal preventing any leak of gas. b) F b) Form orm a compound expressing: a compound expressing: A ring preventing any leak of air. A system of pipes preventing any leak of water. A tank for fuel preventing any leak of oil. 22
VI VI Study the examples listed below Study the examples listed below: : (a). Wear in a cylinder liner is mainly due to friction, abrasion and corrosion. (b). After some time in service the bore of the liners wears unevenly. The word wear is used as a noun in (a) and as a verb in (b). 23
Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the word choosing among WEAR WEARING WEAR ( noun or verb ), WORE WEARING ( gerund ). WORE ( past tense ), WORN WORN ( past participle ) and 1. The use of wrong or _________ tools can cause damage. 2. When valve seat __________ , it must be renewed. 3. On the last voyage the liners _____________ at an excessive rate due to the burning of low grade fuel. 4. Do cylinder liners ____________ at constant rate during the life of an engine. During the first few months there is a rapid _______ . After that, the rate is reduced, but __________ away of the liners and piston rings continues. 6. The usual practice is to renew cylinder liners when they have _________ 5 - 6 mm on the diameter as a maximum. 24
ODNOSNE ( Relative Clauses, Adjectival Clauses ) ODNOSNE RE ENICE RE ENICE I I The bore of the cylinder is formed in a liner which can be replaced when worn out water jacket. and which is surrounded by a cooling Dry liners make metal - to - metal contact with the cylinder casting which contains the water jackets. 25
Istaknute pobli e ozna uju zna enje rije i na koje se odnose, tj. koju uglavnom imenice kao npr. liner i water jacket re enice WHICH ljude ) te THAT Budu i da se odnose samo na imenicu ili imeni ku grupu koju opisuju, one se ume u u strukturu re enice. re enice opisuju (specificiraju ) i opisuju. Te su rije i u uvode primjerima. Relativne odnosnim WHO, WHOME THAT ( za stvari i ljude ) i WHAT gornjim se zamijenicama WHOME, WHOM WHICH ( za stvari), WHO WHOM ( za WHAT. 26
For cooling purposes the quantity of oil that flows through the piston is temperature For cooling purposes the quantity of oil that flows through the piston is more temperature. . more important important than the than the Odnosne re enice imaju ulogu sli nu pridjevu, pa se stoga i nazivaju pridjevskim re enicama The auxiliary engine - The engine that is used for auxiliary purposes ( i.e. lighting, refrigeration, deck machinery, etc. ) 27
I II I Link the following pair of sentences whit WHICH, WHO or THAT omitting Link the following pair of sentences whit WHICH, WHO or THAT omitting the the unnecessary words. unnecessary words. Eg.The junior engineer was urgently taken to the hospital. He had seriously injured his hand while replacing the liner. Eg. The junior engineer, who had seriously injured his arm while replacing the liner, was urgently taken to the hospital. 28
The cylinder block is covered by the cylinder head. In the cylinder block the liners are fitted. In Vee engines surfaces. the top of the column has cylinder two sloping blocks are placed. On these surfaces the The tie bolts connect the main parts of engine structure. They transmit the forces produced by the gas pressure in the combustion chamber. The bedplate bearings. The bearings. provides crankshaft a support is carried for by the the main main 29
I have sailing for twenty years. just talked to the Chief Engineer. He has been Doors doors the water spaces may be cleaned and inspected. are fitted to the cylinder casting. Through these The Second and the Third Assistant Engineers shall report to the First Assistant Engineer. He shall assign them the duty. The general maintenance and repair works are to be done during planned them last night. ( Passive Relative Clause ) the drydocking in Rotterdam. We discussed and 30
Yesterday over appointed Engineer. Mr. Brown duty. Mr. to joined ship to take his Brown had been of the vacant post Chief Ship s ordered. We recent repairs. ( Passive Relative Clause ). spares must have immediately used be re- some spares in 31
II Translate into English II Translate into English o Poklopci, koji zatvaraju gornji kraj cilindra, su pri vr eni usadnim vijcima na bloku motora. o Vo a obavijestio oficira stroja. o Kod brodskih motora koji su gra eni u V - izvedbi ( Vee - form ) cilindarski blokovi smje teni su (place) pod odre enim kutom jedan prema drugom. o Voda ulaska u o Specijalni pritezati ( tighten ) kotveni vijci, u tedio je mnogo sati neugodnog ( unpleasant ) rada ispod poda( platform ) glavnog motora. stroja koji je primjetio kvar (failiure) na kotlu, odmah je koja se upotrebljava za hla enje cilindra mora se prije vodeni pla t pro istiti. ru ni moment-klju ( torque wrench ) kojim se mogu 32
Test 1. Supply the missing words loads jacket, withstands, bearings, loads, , bore, jacket, withstands, casting, bearings, cylinders, bore, liner, casing, liner, wet, casing, casting, cylinder cylinders, bedplate, wet, cylinder overhauling, cylinder head, bedplate, tie cylinder block, metal head, studs, tie bolts, block, frame, metal studs, seal, bolts, water frame, cooling - - seal, crankcase, water jacket cooling - - water dry, water dry, overhauling, to to metal, crankcase, jacket metal, The ___________ of marine diesel engines are water cooled. The ___________ of which surrounded by a cooling _______. The water is in direct contact with the outer surface of the liner as a result of which it is termed a _________ liner. In the most usual arrangement cylinder liners are enclosed in one cast iron casing forming a _____________. each replaced cylinder is formed worn in a _________ which can be when out and is 33
The ___________ is common to all the cylinders, but there are receives the right amount and flow of provided water ___________ the engine. In an alternative construction the liners water but make a __________ contact with the cylinder casting which contains the water jackets and are known as _________ liners. These can be made fairly thin as the contact necessary ; if it is missing, considerable resistance to heat flow results. often dividing walls to ensure that each cylinder water. Doors are which inspected on the cylinder may _________, through cleaned the spaces be and when do not come in direct touch with the cooling cylinder casting itself liner __________ and all stresses. Close is between dry ________ absolutely 34
The top of each cylinder is closed by a __________ or cover held down making a gas - tight ___________ between the head and the liner. The complete cylinder block is supported above the __________ by a structure which may take one of several forms. The crankshaft is carried in ___________ formed in a bedplate. On the _________ is a mounted casting termed the column or _________ which forms the crankcase and supports the cylinder block. The forces produced by the gas pressure in the cylinders are transmitted from the top of the cylinder block directly to the bedplate by the _________ (tie rods ). These bolts pass through all the separate components of the ensuring that all major tensile __________ are carried by the steel members. by __________ and nuts to the cylinder block structure, thus maintaining them in compression and 35
