Computer Graphics and Multimedia Applications Overview

Subject: Computer Graphics and

Multimedia Applications

Code: BCA401N

BY

Dr MAYUR RAHUL

(E762)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

UIET, CSJM UNIVERSITY, KANPUR

OUTLINE

•

Primitive Instancing

•

Sweep Representation

•

Boundary Representations

•

Spatial Partitioning Representations

•

Constructive Solid Geometry

•

Comparison of Representations

Primitive Instancing

•

This scheme is based on notion of families of object, each member of a family

distinguishable from the other by a few parameters.

•

Each object family is called a generic primitive, and individual objects within a

family are called primitive instances. For example, a family of bolts is a generic

primitive, and a single bolt specified by a particular set of parameters is a

primitive instance.

•

 The distinguishing characteristic of pure parameterized instancing schemes is the

lack of means for combining instances to create new structures which represent

new and more complex objects.

•

The other main drawback of this scheme is the difficulty of writing algorithms for

computing properties of represented solids.

•

A considerable amount of family-specific information must be built into the

algorithms and therefore each generic primitive must be treated as a special case,

allowing no uniform overall treatment.

Sweep Representation

•

Sweep representations are used to

construct three dimensional objects

from two dimensional shape .

•

There are two ways to achieve sweep:

Translational sweep

and

Rotational

sweep

•

In translational sweeps, the 2D shape

is swept along a linear path normal to

the plane of the area to construct three

dimensional object.

•

To obtain the wireframe representation

we have to replicate the 2D shape and

draw a set of connecting lines in the

direction of shape, as shown in the

figure (8)

Sweep Representation

•

In rotational sweeps, the 2D shape is rotated about an a

axis of rotation specified in the plane of 2D shape to

produce three dimensional object. This is illustrated in

figure (9).

•

In general we can specify sweep constructions using any

path. For translation we can vary the shape or size of the

original 2D shape along the sweep path.

•

For rotational sweeps, we can move along a circular path

through any angular distance from 0° to 360°.

•

These sweeps whose generating area or volume changes

in size, shape or orientation as they are swept and that

follow an arbitrary curved trajectory are called general

sweeps .

•

General sweeps are difficult to model efficiently for

example, the trajectory and object shape may make the

swept object intersect itself, making volume calculations

complicated. Further more, general sweeps do not always

generate solids. For example, sweeping a 2D shape in its

own plane generates another 2D shape.

Boundary Representations

•

Boundary Representation, or B-rep for short, can be

considered as an extension to the wireframe model.

•

The merit of a B-rep is that a solid is bounded by its

surface and has its interior and exterior.

•

The surface of a solid consists of a set of well-organized

faces, each of which is a piece of some surface (.e.g., a

surface patch).

•

Faces may share vertices and edges that are curve

segments. Therefore, a B-rep is an extension to the

wireframe model by adding face information to the latter.

•

There are two types of information in a B-rep: topological

and geometric.

•

Topological information provides the relationships among

vertices, edges and faces similar to that used in a

wireframe model.

•

 In addition to connectivity, topological information also

includes orientation of edges and faces. Geometric

information is usually equations of the edges and faces.

Boundary Representations

•

The orientation of each face is important. Normally, a face is

surrounded by a set of vertices.

•

Using the right-handed rule, the ordering of these vertices for

describing a particular face must guarantee that the normal vector

of that face is pointing to the exterior of the solid.

•

Normally, the order is counter clockwise. If that face is given by

an equation, the equation must be rewritten so that the normal

vector at every point on the part that is being used as a face points

to the exterior of the solid.

•

Therefore, by inspecting normal vectors one can immediately tell

the inside and outside of a solid under B-rep. This orientation must

be done for all faces.

•

The following shows three faces and their outward pointing

normal vectors.

•

To describe the top surface, the vertices should be 6, 7, 2, 1 or 7, 2,

1, 6 or 2, 1, 6, 7 or 1, 6, 7, 2.

•

To describe the left face, the order should be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 2, 3, 4, 1

or 3, 4, 1, 2 or 4, 1, 2, 3.

Spatial Partitioning Representations

•

In geometry,

space partitioning

is the process of

dividing a space (usually a Euclidean space) into

two or more disjoint subsets.

•

In other words, space partitioning divides a space

into non-overlapping regions. Any point in the

space can then be identified to lie in exactly one of

the regions.

•

In computer science, binary space partitioning

(BSP) is a method for recursively subdividing a

space into two convex sets by using hyperplanes as

partitions.

•

This process of subdividing gives rise to a

representation of objects within the space in the

form of a tree data structure known as a BSP tree.

Constructive Solid Geometry

•

Constructive solid geometry (CSG; formerly called

computational binary solid geometry) is a technique

used in solid modeling.

•

Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to

create a complex surface or object by using

Boolean operators to combine simpler objects,

potentially generating visually complex objects by

combining a few primitive ones. In 3D computer

graphics and CAD, CSG is often used in procedural

modeling. CSG can also be performed on polygonal

meshes, and may or may not be procedural and/or

parametric.

•

Contrast CSG with polygon mesh modeling and

box modeling

Comparison of Representations

REFERENCES

•

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/

•

https://www.studytonight.com/

•

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/

•

https://www.javatpoint.com/

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This content provides an overview of computer graphics and multimedia applications covering topics such as primitive instancing, sweep representations, boundary representations, and spatial partitioning. It discusses the concepts and methods used in creating three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional shapes, including translational and rotational sweeps. The information delves into the challenges and benefits of different representation techniques in computer graphics.

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Subject: Computer Graphics and Multimedia Applications Code: BCA401N BY Dr MAYUR RAHUL (E762) DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION UIET, CSJM UNIVERSITY, KANPUR

OUTLINE Primitive Instancing Sweep Representation Boundary Representations Spatial Partitioning Representations Constructive Solid Geometry Comparison of Representations

Primitive Instancing This scheme is based on notion of families of object, each member of a family distinguishable from the other by a few parameters. Each object family is called a generic primitive, and individual objects within a family are called primitive instances. For example, a family of bolts is a generic primitive, and a single bolt specified by a particular set of parameters is a primitive instance. The distinguishing characteristic of pure parameterized instancing schemes is the lack of means for combining instances to create new structures which represent new and more complex objects. The other main drawback of this scheme is the difficulty of writing algorithms for computing properties of represented solids. A considerable amount of family-specific information must be built into the algorithms and therefore each generic primitive must be treated as a special case, allowing no uniform overall treatment.

Sweep Representation Sweep representations are used to construct three dimensional objects from two dimensional shape . There are two ways to achieve sweep: Translational sweep and Rotational sweep. In translational sweeps, the 2D shape is swept along a linear path normal to the plane of the area to construct three dimensional object. To obtain the wireframe representation we have to replicate the 2D shape and draw a set of connecting lines in the direction of shape, as shown in the figure (8)

Sweep Representation In rotational sweeps, the 2D shape is rotated about an a axis of rotation specified in the plane of 2D shape to produce three dimensional object. This is illustrated in figure (9). In general we can specify sweep constructions using any path. For translation we can vary the shape or size of the original 2D shape along the sweep path. For rotational sweeps, we can move along a circular path through any angular distance from 0 to 360 . These sweeps whose generating area or volume changes in size, shape or orientation as they are swept and that follow an arbitrary curved trajectory are called general sweeps . General sweeps are difficult to model efficiently for example, the trajectory and object shape may make the swept object intersect itself, making volume calculations complicated. Further more, general sweeps do not always generate solids. For example, sweeping a 2D shape in its own plane generates another 2D shape.

Boundary Representations Boundary Representation, or B-rep for short, can be considered as an extension to the wireframe model. The merit of a B-rep is that a solid is bounded by its surface and has its interior and exterior. The surface of a solid consists of a set of well-organized faces, each of which is a piece of some surface (.e.g., a surface patch). Faces may share vertices and edges that are curve segments. Therefore, a B-rep is an extension to the wireframe model by adding face information to the latter. There are two types of information in a B-rep: topological and geometric. Topological information provides the relationships among vertices, edges and faces similar to that used in a wireframe model. In addition to connectivity, topological information also includes orientation of edges and faces. Geometric information is usually equations of the edges and faces.

Boundary Representations The orientation of each face is important. Normally, a face is surrounded by a set of vertices. Using the right-handed rule, the ordering of these vertices for describing a particular face must guarantee that the normal vector of that face is pointing to the exterior of the solid. Normally, the order is counter clockwise. If that face is given by an equation, the equation must be rewritten so that the normal vector at every point on the part that is being used as a face points to the exterior of the solid. Therefore, by inspecting normal vectors one can immediately tell the inside and outside of a solid under B-rep. This orientation must be done for all faces. The following shows three faces and their outward pointing normal vectors. To describe the top surface, the vertices should be 6, 7, 2, 1 or 7, 2, 1, 6 or 2, 1, 6, 7 or 1, 6, 7, 2. To describe the left face, the order should be 1, 2, 3, 4 or 2, 3, 4, 1 or 3, 4, 1, 2 or 4, 1, 2, 3.

Spatial Partitioning Representations In geometry, space partitioning is the process of dividing a space (usually a Euclidean space) into two or more disjoint subsets. In other words, space partitioning divides a space into non-overlapping regions. Any point in the space can then be identified to lie in exactly one of the regions. In computer science, binary space partitioning (BSP) is a method for recursively subdividing a space into two convex sets by using hyperplanes as partitions. This process of subdividing gives rise to a representation of objects within the space in the form of a tree data structure known as a BSP tree.

Constructive Solid Geometry Constructive solid geometry (CSG; formerly called computational binary solid geometry) is a technique used in solid modeling. Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to create a complex surface or object by using Boolean operators to combine simpler objects, potentially generating visually complex objects by combining a few primitive ones. In 3D computer graphics and CAD, CSG is often used in procedural modeling. CSG can also be performed on polygonal meshes, and may or may not be procedural and/or parametric. Contrast CSG with polygon mesh modeling and box modeling.