Comprehensive Guide to Goat Care and Management
Livestock & Poultry Management
ASAP2101(2-1-0)
Session: 5
Management of sheep, goat and swine
Goat care
and management
Goat
care and
management
depend
on the
animal's
age,
health, nutrition
and
pregnancy status,
as
well
as
production
needs, the environment, and facilities.
The
young
kid
has
needs for
basic care very
different
from the
older,
mature
goat.
Goats are
bred and
maintained
for
•
milk
•
milk products,
meat,
brush
control,
mohair,
•
cashmere, skins
for
leather,
commercial
•
antibody production,
packing
•
companionship.
•
Worldwide, there
are
more
460 million goats
producing
4.5
million
tons
of
milk
and
1.2
million
tons
of
meat.
•
As browsers,
goats utilize
land
too
rough
in
terrain
for
sheep and
cattle.
•
Goat
milk is
digested
than
cow
milk.
•
valued
for
the
elderly,
sick,
infants, and
those with
allergic
reactions
to cow
milk.
•
Many goats
provide
multiple
uses, milk
for home
consumption and offspring
for
meat, or, in the case of
fiber
goats, brush
control
and
meat
production
in
addition
to
mohair
or
cashmere.
GOAT
HOUSING
•
provided with
simple
shelter
•
protect from
rain
or
snow
in
winter
and
from
heat
in
summer.
•
There
are two
main
housing
types, which
include
confinement
•
(intensive) and loose,
dry
lot
or pasture systems
(extensive).
•
A
combination
of
housing
•
The housing
should
allow
groups
of
milking
does, dry(non-lactating)
does,
newborn kids, growing
kids,
and bucks
to be
housed
apart
from
each
other.
•
Confinement housing -a few animals
are
tethered
during the day
and put
into
a
protective
shelter at night.
•
Extensive-the flock/herd
grazes
over
large areas of
marginal land unsuited
to
agriculture.
The
flock
is usually
shut
into a yard at
night.
•
Intensive-
animals are
confined
to yards
and
shelters
and
feed
is
brought
to the
flock. offers
the
greatest protection for
the
flock
from both predators
and
parasites.
also increase labour and the
capital investment
required
for
facilities
.
House
for 2 to 4 sheep-goats in
intensive dairy
production.
•
Slats
shall
be
70 to 100mm
wide, 25 to
30mm thick and laid with 25mm
spaces.
Individual lambing
pens
should
be
1.5m
depending on the weight of the
ewe and number of lambs
expected.
•
A
feed trough of
0.3 to 0.4m deep
front
to back and
have
a 0.5 to
0.6m high
front wall facing the
feed
alley
. Areas
of
high rainfall it
may be
desirable
to
keep the animals off the
ground.
•
Stilted houses with a slatted
floor
which
is raised 1 to
1.5m
above the ground to
facilitate cleaning
and the
collection
of
dung
and
urine.
•
Milking can be facilitated
by
providing
a
platform along
the
feeding fence
where the
animals
can stand
while
being milked from behind.
Such a platform
should
be
0.8m
deep and elevated
0.35
to 0.5m above the
floor
where the milker
stands.
FENCING
•
Woven wire,
called
'wire
net'
in
some areas,
represents
the
most
common conventional goat
fence.
•
Posts can be
either
wood or steel are set
usually
one rod
apart,
frequently closer,
with
care taken that a
post
be set at
all abrupt
changes
in
grade. Relatively flat terrain
is
best
for a
tight
installation.
•
Barbed
wire
fencing for
goats
•
Electrical
fencing
for
goats holds
promise.
It
is
fairly new, but expanding
rapidly
FEEDING
•
Goats
require
energy, protein,
vitamins,
minerals,
fiber (bulk) and
water.
•
Energy (calories)
is
the most limiting
nutrient, protein
is
the
most
expensive.
Deficiencies, excesses
and
imbalances
of
vitamins and minerals
lead to
various health
problems.
•
Fiber
maintain
a
healthy
rumen environment and
prevent
digestive
disturbances.
•
As a
general rule
of
thumb, goats
will
consume
at
least 3% of
their body weight
on a
dry matter basis
in
feed.
REQUIRMENTS……
•
Late
gestation
11%
CP
60%
TDN
•
Goats are
natural
browsers
and have
the
unique ability
to select
plants
when
they
are
at
their most nutritious
state.
•
PASTURE
•
Pasture
and
browse are usually the
primary
and most economical
source of
nutrients for
meat
goats. Pasture
tends
to be
high
in
energy and protein
when it
is
in a
vegetative
state.
it
has
a high moisture
content, and
it
is
difficult
for a
high-producing doe
or
fast-
growing kid to
eat enough grass
to
meet
its
nutrient
requirements.
FE
E
D
•
As
pasture plants
mature,
palatability
and digestibility decline
it
is important
to
rotate
pastures
to
keep plants in a
vegetative
state.
•
During
the
early
part of the
grazing
season, browse (woody plants, and
brush) and
forbs
(weeds) tend
to
be
higher in protein and energy than
ordinary
pasture
HAY
•
primary source
of
nutrients
for
goats
during the winter or
non-grazing
season.
•
moderate source
of
protein and
energy
for
goats. Legume hays
–
alfalfa, clover, lespedeza
–
tend
to
be
higher in protein, vitamins and
minerals, especially
calcium
•
The
energy, as well as protein
content
of
hay depends upon
the maturity
of
the
forage
•
curing
and storage is
also necessary
to
maintain nutritional
quality.
Sil
a
ge
•
Made
from
forage or grain crops has
been successfully
fed to
goats
•
Moldy silage can cause listeriosis or
"circling disease"
in goats. As
with
fresh
forage, the high-producing goat cannot
consume enough "wet" silage
to meet
its
nutritional
needs.
•
Silage
is
typically
fed on
large
farms,
due
to the
need
for
storage
and
automated feeding
equipment.
•
There are
two types of
concentrate feeds:
carbonaceous and
proteinaceous.
•
Carbonaceous concentrates or "energy" feeds
include
the
cereal grains
– corn,
barley, wheat,
oats,
milo, and
rye –
and various by products
feeds, such as
fat,
soybean hulls and wheat
middlings.
It
is
not
necessary
to
process grains
for
goats unless
they
are less than six weeks
of
age.
•
problems with cereal grains
is that they are
high
in
phosphorus
content,
but low in calcium. Feeding a
diet
that
is high in phosphorus and low in calcium
can cause urinary calculi (kidney
stones)
in
wethers
and
bucks.
Inadequate calcium
can
lead
to
milk
fever
in pregnant
or
lactating
does.
Concentrates
(grain)
Proteinaceous
concentrates
•
"protein supplements"
may be of
animal or
plant
origin and
include
soybean
meal, cottonseed meal, and
fish meal.
Ruminant-derived
meat and
bone meal may not be fed to
goats..
Protein
quantity
is more
important
than protein
quality
(amino
acid content)
in ruminant
livestock
since the
microorganisms
in
the rumen
manufacture their
own body
protein.
•
Goats do
not store excess
protein; it is
burned as energy or eliminated (as
nitrogen)
by the
kidneys.
Vitamins and
minerals
•
The
most important
are salt,
calcium,
and phosphorus.
The
ratio
of
calcium to
phosphorus should
be
kept
around
2:1.
•
Vitamins are need
in
small
amounts.
Goats
require
vitamins
A, D
and
E,
whereas
vitamin
K
and all the
B
vitamins
are manufactured
in the
rumen.
•
Coccidiostats
and antibiotics
can
also
be
added
to the
mineral
mix
or
supplement.
•
Water
•
Goats
should have
ad
libitum
access to
clean,
fresh
water
at all
times.
A
mature goat
will
consume
between
¾
to 1
½
gallons
of
water per day.
Inadequate
water intake
can
cause various health problems.
In
addition water and
feed
intake are
positively
correlated.
N
e
w
b
o
r
n
K
i
d
s
a
n
d
C
o
l
o
s
t
r
u
m
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
•
kids
depend
on
the immunoglobulins
absorbed from colostrum for
protection
from
infectious agents
in
their
environment.
•
If kids are
not
suckling on
their
dams,colostrum to be
provided
within
the
first 24
hours
of
birth
•
kids
should
be
fed
a
minimum
of 4
ounces,
but preferably 12-2ounces,
of
high quality
colostrum by
bottle
or
esophageal tube within the
first
few
hours after
birth.
•
A
milk
replacer
should contain
a
•
minimum
of
20
percent crude
protein and
20
percent fat on a
dry
matter basis.
Acid
•
detergent fiber should
be a
maximum of 1
percent.
The
milk
replacer
should
dissolve
readily
in
water and
stay in
solution.
Growing
Kids
•
Kids should be
started
on
solid
foods early to be ready for weaning
beginning about 8 weeks of
age.
•
Kid starter should be
palatable,
easily
digested,
and high in
digestible.
•
protein.
Rations should allow
for bodyweight gains between
0.3 to 0.5 pounds
per
day,
depending upon
the
breed.
•
Kid
starter
should
contain 16-
18percent
crude
protein.
•
Cottonseed
contains
a
component
called
gossypol,
which is
toxic
to
kids.
•
Good quality alfalfa hay or high quality
pasture
isthe best forage
choice
for
kids,
and should be
soft
stemmed and
palatable
with a crude
protein
of at
least
20
percent
and a
totaldigestible
nutrient content
(TDN) of at
least
54
percent
on a
dry
matter
basis.
•
Kids may be weaned as
early
as
possible.
•
D
r
y
D
o
e
s
,
F
i
b
e
r
G
o
a
t
s
,
a
n
d
B
u
c
k
s
A
t
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
l
a
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
d
o
e
s
•
be fed an all
forage diet,
which
will
providethe
necessary nutrients for
maintenance
fetal
growth.
As compared to the
ration
of the
milking
doe,
reduction in both nutrient
quality and
quantity
will
help stop
milk
production.
For
adult
dairy,
meat,
or
fiber
goats,
maintaining body condition and
health
are the
primary
goals of a
feeding
program.
Non-Lactating
Does and
Growing
Y
e
a
r
l
i
n
g
D
o
e
s
•
Between breeding and kidding,
does
should be on a high forage diet, as long
as
their
protein, energy, mineral, and other
nutrient levels are met for
their
age and
growth
requirements.
•
A few weeks prior to kidding, the does
can be gradually
reintroduced to grain
feeding
•
The
total intake of calcium phosphorous,
and potassium
during this time is
critical
.
•
Excessive mineral quantities will
predispose
the
doe
to
metabolic
disorders, such as milk
fever.
•
Metabolic disorders
may
lead
to
other
health problems such as retained
placenta, dystocia,
or
prolapsed
uterus.
•
K
i
d
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
L
a
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
Rapid changes in diet
at
kidding should
be
avoided.
•
If the
doe
is fed a total
mixed
ration, feeding long
stem
hay with
it
will
help stimulate feed
intake.
Breeding
Management
•
Seasonal
breeders
•
Flushing
(3-4 wks
prior
to
introduction
of
bucks–BCS:5 and
6)
•
Pecking
order ( 2 to 3
weeks)
•
Avoid over
fed
bucks
•
Deworming
•
Trimming hooves
•
Vaccinations
•
Breed a female goat as soon as she is 7
to
10
months
old, regardless
of
size and
weight.
•
A
doe
kid
should
be at 70 to
75%
of
her
mature
weight
before breeding.
Pregnant
does
•
Body condition score
of
7 or
below
•
Does should
not
be dewormed during
the
first
20
to
60 days
of
pregnancy
because
the stress
associated with
handling and deworming
may
cause
the
animal
to
abort
.
•
Dewormed
2
to
3 weeks prior
to
kidding
or at
kidding
Kidding
Management
•
Supplement your does with a
concentrate or hay, feed
it at
night
•
Well drained floor and
put
in
a pack
of
clean,
dry
straw.
•
kidding box (paper towels, a roll
not
one
or
two
towels, 7%
tincture of
iodine, a
dipping
cup,
lubricating gel, a small box
for
jewelry,
a
flashlight,
an
aspirator
for
a child, scissors,
OB
loop and
the
local
vet's
phone number.)
•
Cleaning
the
kid.
•
Trim the
navel
to
about
3
inches
and
dip
it
in
the
7% iodine.
Nutrition of Newborn
Kids
•
Colostrums
feeding
within
the first
½
hour -hour
after
birth.
•
Make a "creep" area in
the
pen
for
kids
•
Dis-bud kids
at 1 to 2
weeks
of
age
depending on
the
horn
growth.
This
doe
and
her
twin
kids
were
moved
to
a
small
pen
to
allow
them
to
bond.
The
doe
should
lick
each
kid
to
clean
and
dry
it
off.
BODY CONDITION SCORING
CHART
Recom
m
endation
–
End
of
pregnancy
5 to
6
–
Start
of
breeding
season
5
to
6
–
Animals should never have a body
condition
score of 1
to
3
.
–
Pregnant does should not have a body
condition score of 7 or above toward the
end
of pregnancy because of the risk of
pregnancy
toxemia.
HEALTH
•
To
improve the herd's productivity
through general husbandry, nutrition
management, parasite
control, vaccination, and
environmental
management.
•
Careful recordkeeping
•
Appropriate rations and provide
shelter
•
Hooves
must be trimmed
regularly
•
Feed ammonium chloride along with
grain prevent
formation of
calculi.
•
A constant
source
of fresh
water.
•
Test for
brucellosis and tuberculosis
annually.
•
Develop a herd health
program.
•
W
e
a
n
e
d
K
i
d
s
•
Examined
for
intestinal parasites one month after
weaning.
•
Polled kids -rechecked
for
any genital
abnormalities.
•
Feet
must
be
trimmed
before kids are turned
out.
•
Examine
for
polioencephalomalacia,
for
any
kid with neurologic signs,
such as
blindness
or
opisthotonos.
•
B
u
c
k
s
Vaccines and parasite
treatments
•
.
Bucks
must
be
given plenty
of
exercise.
•
Feet
must
be
trimmed at
least four
times
yearly.
•
Before
the
breeding season, bucks
must
have
adequate body condition and should be
examined
for
genital abnormalities.
Signs
and control of
Disease
•
Separate sick animals
from
the
herd and
provide
appropriate
treatments.
•
Remove
dead
animals immediately and
compost
or
burn the
carcass.
•
Examine
aborted goats
and submit
to
a
veterinarian
for necropsy if
needed.
•
Trim
feet
on
regular
basis to minimize
risk
of
footrot
or
other
foot
deformities.
•
Adopt mastitis
control
measures.
•
Avoid handling of goats in
case
zoonotic disease
is suspected,
especially
Orf,
T
oxoplasmosis
.
•
Feed
adequate colostrum
to kids in the
first
82 hours of
birth
•
Disinfect the
navel at
birth with
tincture of
Iodine
.
•
Administer
preventative
medicine to 2 week
old kids
•
Vaccinate does
during dry period for
passing
maximum maternal antibodies
to the
kids.
•
Pastures are the major source of
internal
parasite
infestation.
•
Closed
confining
in barns or
overcrowding
is
main
reason.
Pereventive
measures
•
Provide clean, dry and draught
free
environment
•
Provide drainage
from the
yard
•
Control
rats,
mice and
insects
•
Provide
fresh
and clean
water
•
Clean waterers
weekly
•
during
summer
avoid overcrowding ,minimize
transport
and
•
handling
stress
Provide ventilation in
barns
•
Keep record
of
all
treatments
•
Record mortalities
•
Follow withdrawal
times
•
Cull goats with frequent
treatments
•
Record vaccinations and
dewormings
•
Record breeding and kidding
data
General Deworming
Schedule
•
Before
turning
goats
onto
a new
spring pasture.
•
Several weeks after
turning onto
a
pasture.
•
Early winter (broad
spectrum
medication)
•
Another deworming may be
necessary
during long
winters.
Detection
and
Monitoring
•
Regular fecal examinations and
veterinarian consultation
•
Fecal material attached
to
the hind end, no weight
gains or gains at levels less than expected ,pale
gums and conjunctiva are clear signs of parasitic
infestation.
•
Eye membrane colour matching with FAMACHA
card for diagnosing
anemia
•
Examine withers and brisket/shoulder area to
find biting and sucking lice
respectively.
•
Papules, pustules, wheals and ulcer formation
indicate tick
presence.
•
Pruritic nodules on the head, and dermatitis
around eyes, ears, neck, thorax, inner thighs
and udder are signs of mange
(scabies).
Castration
and
Disbudding/Dehorning
•
Avoid
strong
flavour in
the meat,
to
avoid odors,
•
Control aggressive behavior in
male
goats
•
Avoid injuries
to the
herdmates,
to the
owner, and, Kids
from
polled parents
are likely polled and do
not
require
Disbudding.
vaccin
a
tion
•
For
prevention
only.
•
No vaccines approved
for
goats.
•
The
vaccines approved
for
sheep and
cattle
can
be
used
for
goats
off
label with
a
veterinary
prescription.
•
V
a
c
c
i
n
e
s
i
n
C
o
m
m
o
n
U
s
e
•
C
a
s
e
o
u
s
D
-
T
:
o
v
e
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
V
a
c
c
i
n
e
s
i
n
C
o
m
m
o
n
U
s
e
•
C
a
s
e
o
u
s
D
-
T
:
o
v
e
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
(
t
y
p
e
D), lumps/abscesses (Caseous
Lymphadenitis)
•
and
tetanus.
•
V
i
s
i
o
n
C
D
-
T
:
o
v
e
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
/
e
n
t
e
r
o
t
o
x
a
e
m
i
a
(
t
y
p
e
C
&
D
)
a
n
d
t
e
t
a
n
u
s
.
•
C
a
s
e
-
B
a
c
:
o
r
C
a
s
e
o
u
s
l
y
m
p
h
a
d
i
n
i
t
i
s
(
C
L
A
o
r
a
b
s
c
e
s
s
e
s
)
.
•
T
a
s
v
a
x
7
o
r
V
i
s
i
o
n
7
(
7
w
a
y
v
a
c
c
i
n
e
)
:
o
v
e
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
d
i
s
e
a
s
e
a
n
d
/
o
r
e
n
t
e
r
o
t
o
x
a
e
m
i
a
(
t
y
p
e
•
C
&
D), tetanus, black leg, malignant
edema,
infectious necrotic hepatitis
(black
•
disease)
and
lamb
dysentery.
•
C
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t
y
p
e
C
•
&
D), tetanus, black leg, malignant
edema,
infectious necrotic hepatitis (black
disease),
•
lamb
dysentery,
and
baciliary
haemoglobinuria.
•
It
is important
to
keep epinephrine or antihistamine on
hand as some adverse
reactions
•
may
occur
after
giving vaccine
to the
goats.
•
V
a
c
c
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
f
o
r
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o
x
a
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m
i
a
a
n
d
T
e
t
a
n
u
s
•
Breeding
or mature
does:
4-6
weeks
before
kidding,
annually.
•
Kids:
If
breeding does were vaccinated
4-6
weeks before kidding then kids should
get
their
first shot at
8 weeks
of
age.
If
not
,first
shot by
2
weeks
of
age ,booster shot
4
weeks
after first shot ,2nd
booster 6
months after
their
first
shot.
Vaccination schedule for sheep and
goats-
Cleaning of
a goat
barn.
•
The walks and
yard cleared of
manure
and
debris on a daily
basis. The walks and
grass
are
washed with a
mixture of
Listerine mouthwash, Dawn dish
soap, and ammonia.
The
Listerine kills bacteria,
Dawn
dish soap controls insects,
and
the ammonia
fertilizes
the
yard.
•
1)
remove
all
straw from the
floors,
•
2)
Wash
the barn floor and rubber
mat
beds with a mixture of Listerine
mouthwash and
Dawn dish soap.
•
3)
After
the
barn
is
complete
l
y
dry
add
clean
straw.
replace clean barn
mats
and use a large base
of
straw
in
barn
because
straw
will
protect the joints of
the goats and pulls urine away
from
them where
they
lay.
Baby
Care
•
The
general rule in feeding
colostrum
is
to
give
5
percent
of body weight (or 6
-
8 ounces)
within
the first
6
hours of birth
•
(as
much of this
as possible within
the first
hour) and
24
-
30 ounces within
the first
24
hours.
•
The mother
continue
to
produce
colostrum for
about 18
hours
after delivery,
but
beyond
12-
15 hours, the
gut
of
the newborn has
pretty
well
lost
its ability
to
absorb
the
beneficial
contents of
colostrum.
•
If
you are unable
to
obtain any
colostrum
from the mother,
the
freezer,
the
neighbor's cow or any other
source,
you can buy
powdered
(or
in
bolus
form)
colostrum
from better
feed
stores.
IDENTIFICATION
•
Tattooing
-
This
is
the
preferred
method of permanent identificationThe
small sized
tattoo
plier works
best
on
goats, especially goat
kids.
•
The
numbers will grow bigger along
with
the
kid’s ear as it
grows.
•
Eartagging
•
Try to
avoid using metal
tags
as
they
infect
easily.
•
avoid using
tags that
must
be
applied
along
the
edge
of the
ears as goats like
to
bite each other’s ears and in
grabbing
these
tags
may rip the
goat’s
ear.
marketing
•
price
for
chevon/mutton has risen
from
Rs 60 per kg
to
Rs 130-160 per kg over
a
decade
•
huge expected increase
in the
demand
for meat
in developing
countries.
•
slowly moving
from
extensive
to
intensive
system of
management
for
commercial
production.
•
The
commercial goat
farmers
can earn
best profit by producing and marketing
pure breed goats and
festive
sale
during
Eid.
•
Small size modern slaughter houses
need
to
be established near
the
production
centres.
•
In
Dashara
fest
honoring
the
goddess
Durga.
Goats
generally slaughtered
from the
7th
to the
10th day
of the
holiday
after
which families
meet
together and celebrate with curried goat
while receiving family
blessings.
•
Female goats not acceptable
for this
holiday. Relatively tender
male
goats
are generally
used.
Swine production management
Swine Breeds
Chester White
Duroc
Hampshire
Yorkshire
Reproductive Goals/Facts
114 day Gestation (3/3/3)
21 day Lactation
5 day Rebreeding
140 Day Farrowing Interval
2.6 Litters/year X 12 weaned pigs/sow
= 31.2 pigs weaned per sow per year
Gilts about 5 less
Mating Systems
Double mating – 12 and 24 hr intervals
Increased CR, Litter Size
Pen Mating/Pasture Breeding
1 boar per 10 sows q 23-45 days (cont
farrow)
Adv/Disdvantages
Hand Mating
Estrus sows taken to breeding pen (boar)
AI
Female Anatomy
1
.
P
r
e
g
n
a
n
t
h
o
r
n
>
1
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
l
e
n
g
t
h
3.
C
e
r
v
i
c
a
l
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
-Interdigitating Prominances
2
.
E
p
i
t
h
e
l
i
a
l
-
c
h
o
r
i
a
l
p
l
a
c
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
Puberty
150 – 250 days (mean = 200 days)
Cross Breeds< Land< Yorks < Durocs
Can be Delayed/Hastened by # of
Factors
Inbreeding, nutrition, confinement, lighting,
boar exposure
Earlier in Boar
Estrous Cycle 21 days
Proestrus 1-3 days
Alert to boar but will not accept
Estrus 3-4 days
Physical and behavioral signs
Ovulation occurs mid-late estrus
Diestrus 14 days
Metestrus 2 days
Estrous Cycle
Ovulation and Fertilization
Ovulation - last 1/3 estrus q 2hrs
Rates Avg 17 sows 13 Gilts (Heritable)
Fertilization - All or non response
Optimal breeding is 12-24 hrs after start
estrus
Sperm viable for 24 hrs
1
st
Serv CR 70 – 90% (preg rate?)
EED
30-40% between day 1 – 114
50% during 1
st
25 days
Intrauterine migration
Migrate up to 12 days
Need 4 viable embryos for MRP day 12
Need 2 viable embryos for MRP day 30
Preg Detection
Non Return to Estrus
US at 30-90 days (preg/open)
Rectal palp?
Parturition - Farrowing
Can induce – PGF2
10mg at day 112
gestation
60-90% farrow within 18-36 hrs
Duration 2- 24 hours
2 piglets/hour
Lactation
Colostrum Important
Milk let down – 28 sec
Nurse every hour
32 hours to establish teat order
Estrus Synch - Sows
Primarily done by weaning (18-24 days)
10 mg PGF2
within 24 hrs post farrowing
and 5 ml PG 600 at weaning (reduces
anestrous)
PG 600 = 400 IU PMSG and 200 IU hCG
mimicks FSH and LH
Estrus Sync - Gilts
Various protocols
PG 600 5-6 months old =
50-70% estrus in 5-7 days (often DNB)
PG 600 (day 0) + Lut (day 18) =
estrus (day 20-25) = Pig Sync?
Feed progestin (Penmate
tm
Regumate
tm
) day
0-21 + lute day 35 =
estrus day 37-42
Reproductive Problems
Many management and breed factors
Repro tract deformities common in gilts
5-10%
Disease(s)
SMEDI Syndrome
Stillborn, mummies, ED, infertility
Viral and Bacterial Causes
Humans
Viral Repro Disease
Syndrome I
Fatal to embryo or fetus but dam
normal
True abortion rare = more EED
Parvo, enterovirus, Jap B encephilitis
Syndrome II
Maternal morbidity, late term abortion
Psuedorabies, hog cholera, swine
influenza
Bacterial Repro Disease
Lepto – typical serovars
Mild signs in adults, typical
pathogenesis
Abortion, mummification, stillbirths
Vaccine available
Brucellosis
EED and abt
Eradication and reportable
Male repro facts
Semen
3 fractions- presperm, sperm, postsperm gel
250 mls with 150 – 500 X 10
9
cells
Ejaculation pressure dependent 3-20
minutes
AI with fresh chilled semen common
Published BSE values
Thank you
Goat care and management cover a range of aspects including age, health, pregnancy, and environmental needs. Goats are versatile animals used for milk, meat, fiber, and more. Housing options such as confinement and extensive systems play a vital role in goat farming. Understanding these elements ensures the well-being and productivity of goats.
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Livestock & Poultry Management ASAP2101(2-1-0) Session: 5 Management of sheep, goat and swine
Goat care and management Goat care and management depend on the animal's age, health, pregnancy status, as well as needs, the environment, and facilities. The young kid has needs for basic care very different from the older, mature goat. nutrition production and
Goats are bred and maintained for milk milk products, meat, brush control, mohair, cashmere, skins for leather, commercial antibody production, packing companionship.
Worldwide, there are more 460 million goats producing 4.5 million tons of milk and 1.2 million tons of meat. As browsers, goats utilize land too rough in terrain for sheep and cattle. Goat milk is digested than cow milk.
valued for the elderly, sick, infants, and those with allergic reactions to cow milk. Many goats provide multiple uses, milk for home consumption and offspring for meat, or, in the case of fiber goats, brush control and meat production in addition to mohair or cashmere.
GOAT HOUSING provided with simple shelter protect from rain or snow in winter and from heat in summer. There are two main housing types, which include confinement (intensive) and loose, dry lot or pasture systems (extensive). A combination of housing
The housing should allow groups of milking does, dry(non-lactating) does, newborn kids, growing kids, and bucks to be housed apart from each other.
Confinement housing -a few animals are tethered during the day and put into a protective shelter at night. Extensive-the flock/herd grazes over large areas of marginal land unsuited to agriculture. The flock is usually shut into a yard at night. Intensive- animals are confined to yards and shelters and feed is brought to the flock. offers the greatest protection for the flock from both predators and parasites. also increase labour and the capital investment required for facilities.
House for 2 to 4 sheep-goats in intensive dairy production.
Slats shall be 70 to 100mm wide, 25 to 30mm thick and laid with 25mm spaces. Individual lambing pens should be 1.5m depending on the weight of the ewe and number of lambs expected. A feed trough of 0.3 to 0.4m deep front to back and have a 0.5 to 0.6m high front wall facing the feed alley . Areas of high rainfall it may be desirable to keep the animals off the ground. Stilted houses with a slatted floor which is raised 1 to 1.5m above the ground to facilitate cleaning and the collection of dung and urine.
Milking can be facilitated by providing a platform along the feeding fence where the animals can stand while being milked from behind. Such a platform should be 0.8m deep and elevated 0.35 to 0.5m above the floor where the milker stands.
FENCING Woven wire, called 'wire net' in some areas, represents the most common conventional goat fence. Posts can be either wood or steel are set usually one rod apart, frequently closer, with care taken that a post be set at all abrupt changes in grade. Relatively flat terrain is best for a tight installation. Barbed wire fencing for goats Electrical fencing for goats holds promise. It is fairly new, but expanding rapidly
FEEDING Goats require energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber (bulk) and water. Energy (calories) is the most limiting nutrient, protein is the most expensive. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances of vitamins and minerals lead to various health problems. Fiber maintain a healthy rumen environment and prevent digestive disturbances.
As a general rule of thumb, goats will consume at least 3% of their body weight on a dry matter basis in feed.
REQUIRMENTS Animal Bucks Dry doe Protein 11% CP 10% CP Energy 60% TDN 55% TDN Late gestation Lactation (avg. milk) Lactation (high milk) Kid (30 lbs, >.4 lbs/day) 14% CP Yearlings (60 lbs.) 11% CP 60% TDN 11% CP 14% CP 60% TDN 65% TDN 68% TDN 65% TDN 12% CP
FEED Goats are natural browsers and have the unique ability to select plants when they are at their most nutritious state. PASTURE Pasture and browse are usually the primary and most economical source of nutrients for meat goats. Pasture tends to be high in energy and protein when it is in a vegetative state. it has a high moisture content, and it is difficult for a high-producing doe or fast- growing kid to eat enough grass to meet its nutrient requirements.
As pasture plants mature, palatability and digestibility decline it is important to rotate pastures to keep plants in a vegetative state. During the early part of the grazing season, browse (woody plants, and brush) and forbs (weeds) tend to be higher in protein and energy than ordinary pasture
HAY primary source of nutrients for goats during the winter or non-grazing season. moderate source of protein and energy for goats. Legume hays alfalfa, clover, lespedeza tend to be higher in protein, vitamins and minerals, especially calcium The energy, as well as protein content of hay depends upon the maturity of the forage curing and storage is also necessary to maintain nutritional quality.
Silage Made from forage or grain crops has been successfully fed to goats Moldy silage can cause listeriosis or "circling disease" in goats. As with fresh forage, the high-producing goat cannot consume enough "wet" silage to meet its nutritional needs. Silage is typically fed on large farms, due to the need for storage and automated feeding equipment.
Concentrates (grain) There are two types of concentrate feeds: carbonaceous and proteinaceous. Carbonaceous concentrates or "energy" feeds include the cereal grains corn, barley, wheat, oats, milo, and rye and various by products feeds, such as fat, soybean hulls and wheat middlings. It is not necessary to process grains for goats unless they are less than six weeks of age. problems with cereal grains is that they are high in phosphorus content, but low in calcium. Feeding a diet that is high in phosphorus and low in calcium can cause urinary calculi (kidney stones) in wethers and bucks. Inadequate calcium can lead to milk fever in pregnant or lactating does.
Proteinaceous concentrates "protein supplements" may be of animal or plant origin and include soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and fish meal. Ruminant-derived meat and bone meal may not be fed to goats.. Protein quantity is more important than protein quality (amino acid content) in ruminant livestock since the microorganisms in the rumen manufacture their own body protein. Goats do not store excess protein; it is burned as energy or eliminated (as nitrogen) by the kidneys.
Vitamins and minerals The most important are salt, calcium, and phosphorus. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus should be kept around 2:1. Vitamins are need in small amounts. Goats require vitamins A, D and E, whereas vitamin K and all the B vitamins are manufactured in the rumen.
Coccidiostats and antibiotics can also be added to the mineral mix or supplement. Water Goats should have ad libitum access to clean, fresh water at all times. A mature goat will consume between to 1 gallons of water per day. Inadequate water intake can cause various health problems. In addition water and feed intake are positively correlated.
Newborn Kids and Colostrum Management kids depend on the immunoglobulins absorbed from colostrum for protection from infectious agents in their environment. If kids are not suckling on their dams,colostrum to be provided within the first 24 hours of birth kids should be fed a minimum of 4 ounces, but preferably 12-2ounces, of high quality colostrum by bottle or esophageal tube within the first few hours after birth.
A milk replacer should contain a minimum of 20 percent crude protein and 20 percent fat on a dry matter basis.Acid detergent fiber should be a maximum of 1 milk replacer should dissolve readily in water and stay in solution. percent. The
Growing Kids Kids should be started on solid foods early to be ready for weaning beginning about 8 weeks of age. Kid starter should be palatable, easily digested, and high in digestible. protein. Rations should allow for bodyweight gains between 0.3 to 0.5 pounds per day, depending upon the breed.
Kid starter should contain 16- 18percent crude protein. Cottonseed contains a component called gossypol, which is toxic to kids. Good quality alfalfa hay or high quality pasture isthe best forage choice for kids, and should be soft stemmed and palatable with a crude protein of at least 20 percent and a totaldigestible nutrient content (TDN) of at least 54 percent on a dry matter basis. Kids may be weaned as early as possible.
Dry Does, Fiber Goats, and Bucks At the end of lactation, does be fed an all forage diet, which will providethe necessary nutrients for maintenance fetal growth. As compared to the ration of the milking doe, reduction in both nutrient quality and quantity will help stop milk production. For adult dairy, meat, or fiber goats, maintaining body condition and health are the primary goals of a feeding program.
Non-Lactating Does and Growing Yearling Does Between breeding and kidding, does should be on a high forage diet, as long as their protein, energy, mineral, and other nutrient levels are met for their age and growth requirements. A few weeks prior to kidding, the does can be gradually reintroduced to grain feeding The total intake of calcium phosphorous, and potassium during this time is critical.
Excessive mineral quantities will predispose the doe to metabolic disorders, such as milk fever. Metabolic disorders may lead to other health problems such as retained placenta, dystocia, or prolapsed uterus.
Kidding and Lactation Rapid changes in diet at kidding should be avoided. If the doe is fed a total mixed ration, feeding long stem hay with it will help stimulate feed intake.
Breeding Management Seasonal breeders Flushing (3-4 wks prior to introduction of bucks BCS:5 and 6) Pecking order ( 2 to 3 weeks) Avoid over fed bucks Deworming Trimming hooves Vaccinations Breed a female goat as soon as she is 7 to 10 months old, regardless of size and weight. A doe kid should be at 70 to 75% of her mature weight before breeding.
Pregnant does Body condition score of 7 or below Does should not be dewormed during the first 20 to 60 days of pregnancy because the stress associated with handling and deworming may cause the animal to abort . Dewormed 2 to 3 weeks prior to kidding or at kidding
Kidding Management Supplement your does with a concentrate or hay, feed it at night Well drained floor and put in a pack of clean, dry straw. kidding box (paper towels, a roll not one or two towels, 7% tincture of iodine, a dipping cup, lubricating gel, a small box for jewelry, a flashlight, an aspirator for a child, scissors, OB loop and the local vet's phone number.) Cleaning the kid. Trim the navel to about 3 inches and dip it in the 7% iodine.
Nutrition of Newborn Kids Colostrums feeding within the first hour -hour after birth. Make a "creep" area in the pen for kids Dis-bud kids at 1 to 2 weeks of age depending on the horn growth. This doe and her twin kids were moved to a small pen to allow them to bond. The doe should lick each kid to clean and dry it off.
BODY CONDITION SCORING CHART BCS 1 Extremely thin. Extremely thin and weak, near death. Extremely thin. BCS 2 Extremely thin but not weak. All ribs visible. Spinous processes prominent and very sharp. No fat cover felt with some muscle wasting. BCS 3 Very thin. Slightly thin. Most ribs visible. Spinous processes sharp. Individual processes can be easily felt. Slight fat cover can be felt over the eye muscle. BCS 4 BCS 5 Moderate. Spinous processes felt but are smooth. Some fat cover felt over eye muscle. Smooth look with ribs not very visible. Spinous processes smooth and round. Individual processes very smooth, felt with considerable pressure. Significant fat cover felt over eye muscle. BCS 6 Good. Ribs not visible, spinous process felt under firm pressure. Considerable fat felt over eye muscle. BCS 7 Fat. Animal is very fat with spinous processes difficult to feel. Ribs can not be felt. Animal has blocky obese appearance. BCS 8 Obese. BCS 9 Extremely obese. Similar to an eight but more exaggerated. Animal has deep patchy fat over entire body.
Recommendation End of pregnancy 5 to 6 Start of breeding season 5 to 6 Animals should never have a body condition score of 1 to 3 . Pregnant does should not have a body condition score of 7 or above toward theend of pregnancy because of the risk of pregnancy toxemia.
Reproductive Aspects - Summary FEMALE Age of puberty 7-10 months Breeding weight 60-75% of adult weight Estrous cycle Length 18-22 days Duration 12-36 hours Signs Tail wagging, mounting, bleating Ovulation 12 to 36 hrs from onset of standing heat Gestation length 146-155 days Breeding season August-January Seasonal anestrous February-July Buck effect on estrous Positive MALE Age of puberty 4-8 months Breeding age 8-10 months Breeding season All year
HEALTH To improve the herd's productivity through general husbandry, nutrition management, parasite control, vaccination, and environmental management. Careful recordkeeping Appropriate rations and provide shelter Hooves must be trimmed regularly Feed ammonium chloride along with grain prevent formation of calculi. A constant source of fresh water. Test for brucellosis and tuberculosis annually. Develop a herd health program.
Weaned Kids Examined for intestinal parasites one month after weaning. Polled kids -rechecked for any genital abnormalities. Feet must be trimmed before kids are turned out. Examine for polioencephalomalacia, for any kid with neurologic signs, such as blindness or opisthotonos. Bucks Vaccines and parasite treatments . Bucks must be given plenty of exercise. Feet must be trimmed at least four times yearly. Before the breeding season, bucks must have adequate body condition and should be examined for genital abnormalities.
Signs and control of Disease Separate sick animals from the herd and provide appropriate treatments. Remove dead animals immediately and compost or burn the carcass. Examine aborted goats and submit to a veterinarian for necropsy if needed. Trim feet on regular basis to minimize risk of footrot or other foot deformities. Adopt mastitis control measures. Avoid handling of goats in case zoonotic disease is suspected, especially Orf, Toxoplasmosis .
Feed adequate colostrum to kids in the first 82 hours of birth Disinfect the navel at birth with tincture of Iodine . Administer preventative medicine to 2 week old kids Vaccinate does during dry period for passing maximum maternal antibodies to the kids. Pastures are the major source of internal parasite infestation. Closed confining in barns or overcrowding is main reason.
Pereventive measures Provide clean, dry and draught free environment Provide drainage from the yard Control rats, mice and insects Provide fresh and clean water Clean waterers weekly during summer avoid overcrowding ,minimize transport and handling stress Provide ventilation in barns Keep record of all treatments Record mortalities Follow withdrawal times Cull goats with frequent treatments Record vaccinations and dewormings Record breeding and kidding data
General Deworming Schedule Before turning goats onto a new spring pasture. Several weeks after turning onto a pasture. Early winter (broad spectrum medication) Another deworming may be necessary during long winters.
Detection and Monitoring Regular fecal examinations and veterinarian consultation Fecal material attached to the hind end, no weight gains or gains at levels less than expected ,pale gums and conjunctiva are clear signs of parasitic infestation. Eye membrane colour matching with FAMACHA card for diagnosing anemia Examine withers and brisket/shoulder area to find biting and sucking lice respectively. Papules, pustules, wheals and ulcer formation indicate tick presence. Pruritic nodules on the head, and dermatitis around eyes, ears, neck, thorax, inner thighs and udder are signs of mange (scabies).
Castration and Disbudding/Dehorning Avoid strong flavour in the meat, to avoid odors, Control aggressive behavior in male goats Avoid injuries to the herdmates, to the owner, and, Kids from polled parents are likely polled and do not require Disbudding.
vaccination For prevention only. No vaccines approved for goats. The vaccines approved for sheep and cattle can be used for goats off label with a veterinary prescription. Vaccines in Common Use Caseous D-T: overeatingVaccines in Common Use Caseous D-T: overeating disease (type D), lumps/abscesses (Caseous Lymphadenitis) and tetanus. Vision CD-T: overeating disease/enterotoxaemia (type C&D) and tetanus.
Case-Bac: or Caseous lymphadinitis(CLA or abscesses ). Tasvax 7 or Vision 7 (7 way vaccine): overeating disease and/or enterotoxaemia (type C & D), tetanus, black leg, malignant edema, infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) and lamb dysentery. Covexin 8 or Tasvax 8 (8 way vaccine): overeating disease or enterotoxaemia (type C & D), tetanus, black leg, malignant edema, infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease), lamb dysentery, and baciliary haemoglobinuria. It is important to keep epinephrine or antihistamine on hand as some adverse reactions
may occur after giving vaccine to the goats. Vaccination Schedule for Enterotoxaemia and Tetanus Breeding or mature does: 4-6 weeks before kidding, annually. Kids: If breeding does were vaccinated 4-6 weeks before kidding then kids should get their first shot at 8 weeks of age. If not ,first shot by 2 weeks of age ,booster shot 4 weeks after first shot ,2nd booster 6 months after their first shot.
Vaccination schedule for sheep and goats- Name of Disease Time Table Sr. No Primary vaccination At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb Regular Vaccination Once Annually(In Affectedarea only) Once AnnuallyBefore monsoon 1. Anthrax 2. Haemorrhagic Septicemia (H.S.) Enterotoxaemia At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb 3. At the age of 4 month for kid or lamb (If dam is vaccinated) At the age of 1st week for kid or lamb (If dam is not vaccinated) At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb Before monsoon (Preferably in May) Booster vaccination after 15 days of first vaccination. OnceAnnually(Before monsoon) Once in three years 4. Black Quarter(B.Q) 5. P.P.R. At the age of 3 month for kid or lamb & above At the age of 4 month for kid or lamb & Twice in a year (September & above At the age of 3 month & above for lamb Once Annually (December 6. Foot & mouth disease(F.M.D.) Sheep Pox March) 7. month) OnceAnnually(December month) 8. Goat Pox (Vaccine is not available in Maharashtra) C.C.P.P.(Vaccine is At the age of 3 month & above for Kid 9. At the age of 3 month & above for Kid Once Annually(January month)
