Communication Process in a Hong Kong Company
F
F
i
i
r
r
e
e
m
m
a
a
n
n
!
!
The next slide notates a bit of talk
between a manager and a specialist in a
company in Hong Kong.
The specialist had returned from
inspecting how fabric is printed in an
industrial plant and is reporting to the
manager.
Director:
How d’they cue the print?
Specialist:
Er…
Director:
Acid dye?
Specialist:
Yes they have keep + a… a
machine to cue the fabric + + How to say?
Director:
What’s the print process? They steam it?
Specialist:
Yes they steam it yes just like baking right?
This is circle right? The fabric is fit inside and then
a pressure
steam | |… something like that
Director:
| | Oh
Oh I know
(from Jenny Chow’s MA thesis 1996:84,
A Study of Communication in a
Textile Quality Management Services Company
)
Hypercorrection
Discourse management
= On-line management
… let’s look at the writing process
(and then at speaking)
Managing writing
Is there a reply to writing?
Not during writing
(production).
If there is a reply at all, it
comes “much later”.
Managing writing
So what does the writer
have to do?
That the speaker need not
do?
When people write, they
PLAN
WRITE
ERASE
Discourse Management
GENERATE
MANAGE
And now to (the) speaking (process)…
Discourse Management
PRODUCING
TALK
EVALUATING
NOTING (e.g.,
DEVIATIONS FROM
NORMS)
ADJUSTING
MANAGE
GENERATE
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
c
r
e
a
t
e
s
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
People
manage
languages
…and people even
organize
to manage language
People manage in order to
•
make sense
–
A new word or turn of phrase may have
to be found
–
The machinery may need fixing
Discourse management
•
[aj v- w
o
z
]
(I was)
•
Noted
deviation of [v]
•
Evaluated
[v] is inadequate
•
Adjusted
[v] to [w]
•
Implemented
People manage in order to
•
be stylistically appropriate
•
be socially acceptable
A Social Problem
Swedes were uncertain which
pronoun of address to use.
A Social Problem
‘
n
i
’
o
r
‘
d
u
’
To avoid a choice, people used
passives, paraphrases…
Difficult! Or one had to remember the
Other person’s name AND correct title
T
h
e
m
e
d
i
a
a
n
d
p
o
l
i
t
i
c
i
a
n
s
d
e
c
l
a
r
e
d
d
u
t
h
e
w
i
n
n
e
r
!
People manage in order to
•
advocate an interest
Interest: a symbolic problem
•
Peking
•
Bombay
•
Rangoon
•
Beijing
•
Mumbai
•
Yangoon
Discourse management
•
Language behavior is generation of utterances and
evaluation of utterances.
•
Generation of utterances is shaped by and allows
overt expression of evaluation.
•
Evaluative behavior is language management.
Discourse management
•
Language management interacts with
language generation in a circular process of
causation
•
sustained by and embedded in the
interaction of participants
Disregarded
Implemented
Diagramming a norm deviation
Unsure
Referred
Disregarded
Referred
t
a
l
k
Directed management
= Off-line management
Discourse management
Off-line management:
The
inadequacy
or
referral
become
the
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
Language Management
Discourse management
= On-line management
Directed management
= Off-line management
Language Problems
•
People don’t share a
language
•
Find a shared language
•
Find an interpreter
•
Learn the other’s language
and there’s any number
of problems that relate
to the use of a
language…
Maharashtra state in India;
language mentions in newspapers
With K. S. Rajyashree, examined three
Marathi newspapers, the Mahrashtra Times,
Sakal, and Tarun Bharat from November
through February 1984.
We identified 260 language mentions which
can be classified and grouped under the
following main headings:
Maharashtra state in India;
language mentions in newspapers
THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE PROBLEM
REGIONAL LANGUAGES AND REGIONALISM
THE PROBLEM OF LINGUISTIC MINORITIES
LANGUAGE AND STATE BOUNDARIES
LANGUAGE CONFLICTS ABROAD
DEMAND FOR LANGUAGE SERVICES, SKILLS
THE HANDICAPPED
LANGUAGE TEACHING
CORRECT LANGUAGE
Correct pronunciation
Correct grammar
Correct lexical item, word
What is in a name?
Correct writing
Overt comment on norms and evaluation principles
Contact correction, translation
Codemixing and codeswitching
Speaking
Reading
M
a
k
e
r
e
a
l
!
This is all very abstract…
Cantonese
•
Did I say ‘real’?
Cantonese 2
Same demonstration
Issues…
•
“Scripts index Uyghur identity,…”
•
“Standardization involves developing a norm that overrides
regional dialects,”
•
“a process that then allows specific linguistic contexts to be
evaluated and codified.”
•
“to standardize the extant lexicon as well as
•
“to introduce neologisms from Chinese”
•
“connotation management” [of use of words]
•
“before publication, all articles... to be vetted by a
publications committee”
(Arienne M. Dwyer)
Language development, quoting C.
Kubler
“While spoken Old Chinese, like all languages, continued to
evolve over the succeeding centuries, written Old
Chinese—usually referred to as
Gŭwén
or “Classical
Chinese”—became relatively fixed in form at an early date
and changed little until the first few decades of the
twentieth century.
With the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, the twin
issues of language standardization and language reform,
which were considered essential for the building of a
modern nation, attracted the attention of increasing
numbers of intellectuals.
In 1913 the Ministry of Education of the newly established
Republic of China sponsored a Conference on the
Unification of Pronunciation which, after protracted
discussion, proclaimed the dialect of North China, known
in English as Mandarin, as the
Guóyŭ
or “National
Language” of China.”
Continued (from C. Kubler)
Several years later, in 1917, the American-educated
philosopher and literary critic Hu Shih spearheaded a
movement to replace Classical Chinese with written
Mandarin, or
Báihuà,
as the standard written
language.This movement, known as the
Xīn Wénxué
Yùndòng
“New Literature Movement,” gradually gained
support during the 1920s and 1930s.
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,
the new government continued the previous government’s
policy of promoting Mandarin, to which it gave the new
name
Pŭtōnghuà
“Common Speech.”
Beginning in the 1950s, a number of important reforms were
implemented in China including standardization of variant
characters, promotion of simplified characters, adoption of
the horizontal style of writing, and creation of Hanyu
Pinyin romanization.
In the PRC today,
In the PRC today,
what is the language policy?
what is the language policy?
what are some language
what are some language
problems?
problems?
what language management
what language management
agencies are there?
agencies are there?
Language problems differ
between historical stages of development
In the context of conspiracy of the
durée
of the
episteme
of the
period
Once upon a time…
•
The Swedish academy founded in 1786 is
an example of pre-modern language
development
XXII §
•
Academiens yppersta och angelägnaste göromål är, at
arbeta uppå Svenska Språkets renhet, styrka och höghet,
så uti Vettenskaper, som serdeles i an-seende til
skaldekonsten och Vältaligheten uti alla thes tilhörande
delar, jemväl uti then, som tjenar at tolka the Himmelska
Sanningar.
… to work on the purity, strength and dignity of the Swedish
Language, in the Sciences and especially in regard to Poetry
and Rhetoric in all their parts, as in the part which aims at
interpreting Heavenly Truths
.
•
Ty åligger äfven Academien at utarbeta en
Svensk Ordabok och Gramatica, jemte sådana
Afhandlingar som bidraga kunna til stadga
och befordran af god smak.
… to produce a Swedish Wordbook and Grammar,
and such Dissertations as contribute to the
stability and enhancement of good taste.
XXIII§
XXIII§
(LM agencies now)
Språkvårdsportalen:
some Swedish LM agencies
[
www.svenskaspraket.nu]
Language problems differ
by different configurations of interest
A research task is to develop hypotheses about types of
organized (off-line, directed) language management by
interest and societal context of speech community.
Returning to Xinjiang
The functions of the Xinjiang Language and Script
Committee have broadened considerably from its
original overt mission of developing a language
norm, standardizing an orthography, and
instituting language codification.
Today, the committee is far more active in the public
sphere—fostering political, educational, media,
and public service working groups and even an
informative website.
(Arienne M. Dwyer)
And here is another case of how language
management changed in the same speech
community over time, from South Africa:
South Africa:
1876-1904
Eerste Taalbeweging (G.R.A.), “to stand for
our language, our nation and our country” (for Afrikaans)
1909 on
South African Academy, promoting “Hollands”
(Afrikaans and Dutch) but came to focus on language
reform of Afrikaans in three areas in particular,
o
Standardisation of spelling
o
Expurgation of anglicisms
o
Development of terminology (sci-tech vocabulary)
continued
1925
Afrikaans proclaimed an official language:
translation of official documents, and creation of
vocabulary (“terms”)
1930
State Translation Bureau established, followed by the
establishment of terminology bodies in government
departments; creation of terminology
1950
specialist Vaktaalburo (Technical Language Bureau)
established, supervised by the S.A. Academy; coordinating
other agencies’ term work: manuscripts were sent to
subject experts for review before dissemination
1976
the TLB was transformed to become more market-
oriented, more systematic in ordering of nomenclatures;
and managers realized that scientists, technical specialists,
and lecturers (therefore students) unavoidably each go
their own ways with new terms, therefore evolving into,
Which led to
, acceptance of borrowing of international
vocabulary, and solving language problems among users
(not creating “terms” but evaluating use and suggesting
adjustments)
And in the post-apartheid period,
radical shift
from
promoting, developing and standardizing Afrikaans to a
policy of supporting language equality and multilingualism
Today’s goals:
•
Language Planning Division, State
Language Services
•
To develop a strategy for ensuring language
equality in South Africa
•
To promote multilingualism in South Africa
Lessons for language
planning:
•
What is the problem?
•
Whose is the problem?
•
How can the problem be solved?
Visual slides depict a conversation between a manager and a specialist in a Hong Kong company regarding fabric printing processes. The specialist reports on inspecting an industrial plant, discussing steaming and printing methods with the manager. The presentation delves into discourse management, online management, and writing processes in communication within the textile industry.
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That is not how you say it!! =fire fighter
The next slide notates a bit of talk between a manager and a specialist in a company in Hong Kong. The specialist had returned from inspecting how fabric is printed in an industrial plant and is reporting to the manager.
Director: Specialist: Er Director: Specialist: Yes they have keep + a a machine to cue the fabric + + How to say? Director: What s the print process? They steam it? Specialist: Yes they steam it yes just like baking right? This is circle right? The fabric is fit inside and then a pressure steam | | something like that Director: | | Oh Oh I know How d they cue the print? Acid dye? (from Jenny Chow s MA thesis 1996:84, A Study of Communication in a Textile Quality Management Services Company)
I must watch my r s Hypercorrection
Discourse management = On-line management
lets look at the writing process (and then at speaking)
Managing writing Is there a reply to writing? Not during writing (production). If there is a reply at all, it comes much later .
Managing writing So what does the writer have to do? That the speaker need not do?
When people write, they DRAFT PLAN WRITE ERASE
Discourse Management GENERATE MANAGE
Discourse Management PRODUCING TALK ADJUSTING GENERATE MANAGE NOTING (e.g., DEVIATIONS FROM NORMS) EVALUATING
Interaction creates language
People manage languages
and people even organize to manage language
People manage in order to make sense A new word or turn of phrase may have to be found The machinery may need fixing
Discourse management [aj v- woz] Noted Evaluated Adjusted Implemented (I was) deviation of [v] [v] is inadequate [v] to [w]
People manage in order to be stylistically appropriate be socially acceptable
A Social Problem Swedes were uncertain which pronoun of address to use.
A Social Problem ni or du To avoid a choice, people used passives, paraphrases Difficult! Or one had to remember the Other person s name AND correct title The media and politicians declared du the winner!
People manage in order to advocate an interest
Interest: a symbolic problem Peking Beijing Bombay Mumbai Rangoon Yangoon
Discourse management Language behavior is generation of utterances and evaluation of utterances. Generation of utterances is shaped by and allows overt expression of evaluation. Evaluative behavior is language management.
Discourse management Language management interacts with language generation in a circular process of causation sustained by and embedded in the interaction of participants
Diagramming a norm deviation talk A deviation from norms (No deviations) Unnoted Noted Evaluated Disregarded (negative =) Inadequacies Unsure Positive Disregarded Referred Disregarded Referred Adjustment Implemented Disregarded
Directed management = Off-line management
Discourse management Off-line management: The inadequacy or referral become the problem
Language Management Discourse management = On-line management Directed management = Off-line management
Language Problems People don t share a language Find a shared language Find an interpreter Learn the other s language and there s any number of problems that relate to the use of a language
Maharashtra state in India; language mentions in newspapers With K. S. Rajyashree, examined three Marathi newspapers, the Mahrashtra Times, Sakal, and Tarun Bharat from November through February 1984. We identified 260 language mentions which can be classified and grouped under the following main headings:
Maharashtra state in India; language mentions in newspapers THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE PROBLEM REGIONAL LANGUAGES AND REGIONALISM THE PROBLEM OF LINGUISTIC MINORITIES LANGUAGE AND STATE BOUNDARIES LANGUAGE CONFLICTS ABROAD DEMAND FOR LANGUAGE SERVICES, SKILLS THE HANDICAPPED LANGUAGE TEACHING
CORRECT LANGUAGE Correct pronunciation Correct grammar Correct lexical item, word What is in a name? Correct writing Overt comment on norms and evaluation principles Contact correction, translation Codemixing and codeswitching Speaking Reading
Make real! This is all very abstract
Cantonese Did I say real ?
Cantonese 2 Same demonstration
Issues Scripts index Uyghur identity, Standardization involves developing a norm that overrides regional dialects, a process that then allows specific linguistic contexts to be evaluated and codified. to standardize the extant lexicon as well as to introduce neologisms from Chinese connotation management [of use of words] before publication, all articles... to be vetted by a publications committee (Arienne M. Dwyer)
Language development, quoting C. Kubler While spoken Old Chinese, like all languages, continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries, written Old Chinese usually referred to as G w n or Classical Chinese became relatively fixed in form at an early date and changed little until the first few decades of the twentieth century. With the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, the twin issues of language standardization and language reform, which were considered essential for the building of a modern nation, attracted the attention of increasing numbers of intellectuals. In 1913 the Ministry of Education of the newly established Republic of China sponsored a Conference on the Unification of Pronunciation which, after protracted discussion, proclaimed the dialect of North China, known in English as Mandarin, as the Gu y or National Language of China.
Continued (from C. Kubler) Several years later, in 1917, the American-educated philosopher and literary critic Hu Shih spearheaded a movement to replace Classical Chinese with written Mandarin, or B ihu , as the standard written language.This movement, known as the X n W nxu Y nd ng New Literature Movement, gradually gained support during the 1920s and 1930s. After the founding of the People s Republic of China in 1949, the new government continued the previous government s policy of promoting Mandarin, to which it gave the new name P t nghu Common Speech. Beginning in the 1950s, a number of important reforms were implemented in China including standardization of variant characters, promotion of simplified characters, adoption of the horizontal style of writing, and creation of Hanyu Pinyin romanization.
In the PRC today, what is the language policy? what are some language problems? what language management agencies are there?
Language problems differ between historical stages of development In the context of conspiracy of the dur e of the episteme of the period
Once upon a time The Swedish academy founded in 1786 is an example of pre-modern language development
XXII Academiens yppersta och angel gnaste g rom l r, at arbeta upp Svenska Spr kets renhet, styrka och h ghet, s uti Vettenskaper, som serdeles i an-seende til skaldekonsten och V ltaligheten uti alla thes tilh rande delar, jemv l uti then, som tjenar at tolka the Himmelska Sanningar. to work on the purity, strength and dignity of the Swedish Language, in the Sciences and especially in regard to Poetry and Rhetoric in all their parts, as in the part which aims at interpreting Heavenly Truths.
XXIII Ty ligger fven Academien at utarbeta en Svensk Ordabok och Gramatica, jemte s dana Afhandlingar som bidraga kunna til stadga och befordran af god smak. to produce a Swedish Wordbook and Grammar, and such Dissertations as contribute to the stability and enhancement of good taste.
(LM agencies now) Spr kv rdsportalen: some Swedish LM agencies [www.svenskaspraket.nu]
Language problems differ by different configurations of interest A research task is to develop hypotheses about types of organized (off-line, directed) language management by interest and societal context of speech community.
Returning to Xinjiang The functions of the Xinjiang Language and Script Committee have broadened considerably from its original overt mission of developing a language norm, standardizing an orthography, and instituting language codification. Today, the committee is far more active in the public sphere fostering political, educational, media, and public service working groups and even an informative website. (Arienne M. Dwyer)
And here is another case of how language management changed in the same speech community over time, from South Africa:
South Africa: 1876-1904Eerste Taalbeweging (G.R.A.), to stand for our language, our nation and our country (for Afrikaans) 1909 onSouth African Academy, promoting Hollands (Afrikaans and Dutch) but came to focus on language reform of Afrikaans in three areas in particular, oStandardisation of spelling o Expurgation of anglicisms o Development of terminology (sci-tech vocabulary) continued
1925 Afrikaans proclaimed an official language: translation of official documents, and creation of vocabulary ( terms ) 1930 State Translation Bureau established, followed by the establishment of terminology bodies in government departments; creation of terminology 1950 specialist Vaktaalburo (Technical Language Bureau) established, supervised by the S.A. Academy; coordinating other agencies term work: manuscripts were sent to subject experts for review before dissemination
