CHAPTER ELEVEN

Nouns in English categorically fall under three main attributes - Number, Gender, and Case. Number denotes whether a noun is singular or plural, while Gender corresponds to sex and Case determines the noun's function in a sentence. This contrastive grammar study by Ahmed Qadoury Abed explores these fundamental aspects of English nouns, providing insights into how they impact language usage and sentence structure.

• English nouns
• Grammar study
• Number Gender Case
• Contrastive grammar
• Ahmed Qadoury Abed

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2. CHAPTER ELEVEN NUMBER CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR ... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2014 2 2/26/2025

3. CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2020 3 2/26/2025

4. Nouns are subject to three categories Number Gender Case The first two are inherent while the third is syntactic. Inherent = permenant characteristics Syntactic= temporary characteristics , subject to change based on its use and position in the sentence. CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR ... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2014 4 2/26/2025

5. DEFINITIONS NUMBER is a system which usually concerns count nouns and denotes whether the speaker is referring to one, two , three ,etc. singular vs plural GENDER corresponds to sex in the outside world. In English, three genders are categorized: masculine, feminine, and neuter. CASE refers to the function of the noun in the sentence. This is determined by its position and its relations with the other elements of the sentence. subjective, objective, jussive CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR ... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2014 5 2/26/2025

6. NUMBER Number in English is either singular or plural. Nouns are classified into two main groups : variable and invariable. VARIABLES have noun contrast: boy, boys, children, knives INVARIABLES are either singular or plural: gold, music, the poor, cattle CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR ... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2020 6 2/26/2025

7. NUMBER:INVARIABLE S SINGULAR invariables are: Abstract mass nouns : music, courage, freedom Concrete mass nouns: gold, sugar, iron Singular nouns ending in s:news,politics, semantics Proper nouns: Ahmed ,Paris, London Non-personal adjs heads: the good, the evil, the bad CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR ... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2014 7 2/26/2025

8. PLURAL invariables are: Summation plurals: trousers, scissors, belows Other plurals ending in s : goods, contents, annals Certain proper nouns: the Netherlands, the Highlands Unmarked plural nouns: cattle, police, vermin Personal Adj head: the rich, the poor, the sick

9. NUMBER: VARIABLE REGULAR plural forms by adding (s) and (es) , with some changes on the last letter of the noun like : boys, boxes, cities IRREGULAR plural forms mouth mouths Wife ..wives Man .men Child .children Sheep .sheep Criterion ..criteria CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR ... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2014 9 2/26/2025

10. NUMBER IN ARABIC THREE categories: SINGULAR, DUAL, AND PLURAL There are nouns which are always plural and there are nouns which are singular There are nouns which are only in dual but with idiomatic expression CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR ... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2014 10 2/26/2025

11. NUMBER: VARIABLES REGULAR : - - - IRREGULAR: which can be divided into: Plurals of paucity(3-10) Plural of abundance (more than 10) - - The dual number can be formed by or as in - - CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR ... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2014 11 2/26/2025

12. NUMBER:IRREGULAR PLURALS IRREGULAR plurals are NOT PREDICTABLE, or are PARTIALLY PREDICTABLE in that they are derived from certain forms. 29 forms for deriving TRILATERAL forms divided into or ( aspects): - 2 or 3 forms for QUADRILATERAL or more forms: : ....... : ...... : CONTRASTIVE GRAMMAR ... AHMED QADOURY ABED 2014 12 2/26/2025

13. A FINAL TIP It must be noted that a singular noun can be with more than one plural form, of course with semantic differences: : : : : : : : :