Best Management Practices for Homeowners Using Pesticides

University

of

Kentucky

C

o

llege

of

A

iculture

,

Food

and

Environment

Y

e

.

C

o

o

pt

'r

a1

i

l

·e

Emm

io

n

Suvict

Cooperative

Extension

Service

University

of

Kentucky

Kno

x

Cou

n

ty

Extens

i

o

n

215

Treuhaft

Blvd

.

,

Ste#

7

Barbourville

,

KY

40906

-

7361

(6061546

-

3447

Fax

:

(606)

546

-

3110

·

w:;:

Wayn

e

K

irby

,

ANR

A

gent

Important

Dates:

•

September

1'6

9:30am-

Small

Ruminant

Field 

Day@

the

Marion

County

Falrp-

oandl

•

September

19

th

7:00pm-

Knox

County

Cattleman's

@the

Knox

County

Extension

Office

•

October

12

th

All

day

-

Farm

Bureau

Ag

Day

@

The

Knox

County

Extension

Pavilion

•

November

21

st

6:00pm-

Knox

County

Cattleman's@ 

The

Knox

County

Extension

Office

4

th

-

•

January

2

d

-

2024

Kentucky

Fruit

and

 Vegetable

Conference

@

Holiday

Inn

Sloan

Convention

Center,

Bowling

Green.

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Coopeming

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LEXINGTON

,

KY

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a

c

t

i

c

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s

f

o

r

H

o

m

e

o

w

n

e

r

s

Pesticides

for

purchase

al

local

stores or

onhne

to

anyone

are

referred

to

as

'

General

Use

·

or

unclassified

pesticides

by

the

EPA

.

You

do

not

need

a

license

or

ce

rt

ifica

tion

to

purchase

and

use

these 

o

n

your

own

property

.

Although

thes

e

are

considered

General

Use

and

are

inherently

le

ss

hazardous

than

Re

s

tri

cted

Use

Pesticides

(RUPs)

,

used

incorrectly

th

ey

can

be

harmful

to

people and/or

the

environment.

Before

purchasing

and

h,

:

t,,,..

using

a

pesticide

,

you

need

to

read

and

understand

the

label

i

n

structions

.

By

following

these

ins

t

ructions

,

you can

b

e

reassured

you

arc

using

the 

pesticide

properly

and

sa

f

ely

.

Pesticides

are

used

to

manage

pests

,

including

weeds,

insect

s.

plant

diseases

,

and

others.

But

pesticides

are

just

one 

type

of

management

tactic

usually

us

ed

after

other

management

t

actics

are

employed.

These

o

th

er

t

actics

are

preventative 

and

are

often

referred

to

as

cultural

controls

;

examples

include

planting

resistant

varieties

, 

sanitation

,

altering

planting

dates

lo

avoid

pests.

improving

drai

e

and

air

movement

.

h

sical

barriers

(landscape

f

abric.

row

covers

,

mulch)

.

pruning

and

hand

removal,

and

rotation

.

P

e

s

t

i

c

i

d

e

B

e

s

t

M

a

n

a

g

e

m

e

n

t

P

r

a

c

t

i

c

e

s

When

these

other

t

actics

are

not

sufficient

to

keep

pest

problems

at

a

tol

e

rable

level.

pesticides

are

sometimes

used

.

Here

are

some

basic best

management

practices

for

homeowners

when

using

pes

t

icides

.

If

you

have

had

past

problems

with

specific

pests

or

dise

ases.

see

if

there

are

cultural

controls

that

can

be

used

t

o

avoid

the

problem

.

Regularly

monitor

your

plants

to

identify

pest

problems

early

.

It

is

always

easier 

t

o

control

problems

ea

rl

y

than

wailing

un

t

il 

th

ey

become

critical.

Generally

.

it

is

good

to

check

plan

t

s

a

t

least

once

a

week

when

conditions

favor

pest

development

_.

Be

able

to

identi

f

y

what

you

find

or

take

it

t

o

your

county

Extension

office

(

ifs

free

m

Kentucky!)

.

•

Use

pesticides

only

when

needed

and

follow

ALL

label

instructions

.

Only

use

them

at

rates

listed

on

th

e

label.

Too

high

a

ra

t

e

is

unsafe.

to

o

little

may

encourage

deve

lop

ment

of

resistance

by

pest

populations.

•

If

a

pesticide 

is

needed

,

carefully

match

th

e

pestici

d

e

with

th

e

type

of

pest

to

be

controlled

.

For

examp

l

e.

any

on

e

herbicide

only

controls

some

weeds.

jus

t

as

a

fungic

ide

v,lill

only

manage

certain

d

isease

problems

.

Select

pesticides

with

l

ow

t

oxici

ty

to

humans

and

other

non-target

organisms

.

such

as

pets

and

polhnators

.

Do

not

use

pesticides

around

the

home

when

the

label

states

'

Not

for

home

u

se

.'

•

Make

ce

rt

ai

n

that

the

type

s

of

plant

s

being

trea

t

ed

are

listed

on

the

l

abel.

Some

pesticides

may

injure

sensi

t

ive

plants

or

l

eave

unwanted

r

esidues

on

produce

.

•

If

a

pesticide

is

needed

,

it

must

be

applied

at

the

r

igh

t

time

.

With

herbicides

,

th

is

may

be

before

weeds

reach

a

ce

rtain

stage

or

height.

with

diseases

this

may

be 

before

plants

become

infected

.

and 

with

insec

ts

th

is

may

be

before

th

ey

bore

into

plants

.

•

Wear

rubber

gloves

.

long

pants

,

shoes

and

socks

,

and

a long sleeve

shirt

when

h

andling

pesticides.

m

aking

applications,

or

cleaning

 and

repairing 

equipment.

Other

precautions

may

be

listed

on

some

labels

.

This

gear

is

referred

to

as Pe

r

sona

l

Prote

c

tive

Equipment

(PPE)

.

•

Do

n

o

t

allow

c

hildren

to

use

pesticides

.

•

Carefully

calibrate

your

application

eq

uipment

so

you

ca

n

confidently

apply

the

pesticide

al

the

co

rrect

rate

.

You

can

practice

with

plain

water

.

Be

sure

the

equipment

is

in

good

condition

and

doesn

'

t

leak

or

won

'

t

break

during

use

.

•

Only

 prepare

the

amount

of

material

that

you

need

;

thi

s

will

make

cleanup

th

at

much

easie

r

.

Excess

spray

leftover

should

be

applied

to

th

e

area

being

treated

.

Never

dispose

of

excess

sprays

o

r

rin

se

water

down

a

drain

or

where

it

m

ay

enter

st

ream

s.

ponds,

or

stom,

water.

•

Do

not

us

e

measuring

equipment

from

the

kitchen

.

Label

all equ

i

pment

'

For

Pesticide

Use

O

nly

.'

•

If

you

us

e

a

hose

-e

nd

sprayer

lo

apply

pesticides or 

fertiliz

ers,

be

sure

lo

install

a

back0ow

preventer

.

•

Avoid

app

lyin

g

a

foliar pesticide

if

a

heavy

rain

is

expected

immediately

after the

application

.

•

Avoid

applying

sprays

when

it

is

windy.

as

this

will

f

avor

drift

awa

y

from

the 

treated

area

.

•

Avoid

using

the

same

pesticide

product

or

pesti

c

ides

within

th

e

same chemical

group

or

mode

of

action

ove

r

an

extended

period

in

order

l

o

prevent

pes

t

s

from

deve

loping

resistance

.

•

Keep

children,

pets

,

and

other

people

out

of

th

e

tr

eated

area

until

the

sprays

have

th

oro

ughly

dried

.

•

Clean

pesticide

application

equipment

after

every

application

.

Follow

product

label

directions

for 

cleaning

applica

ti

on

equipment

and

disposing

of

the

l

eftover

rinse

water.

Check

equipme

nt

for

wear

and

tear

after

each

use

.

•

When

treating

fruit

or

vegetabl

e

plants.

observe

the

pre-harvest

interval

(PHI)

to

ensure

th

e

produce

is

safe

.

The

PHI

is

t

he

time

between

when

you

finish

the

 application

and

when

it

is

safe

to

begin

harvest

of

produce

again

.

•

S

t

ore

pesticide

products

in

a

safe

and

sec

ur

e

place

th

a

t

i

s

out

of

reach

of

c

hildr

en

and

pets

.

Keep

pesticides

in

their

o

riginal

conlainers

and

placed

in

a

secondary

container

to

prevent

a

ny

potential

l

eaks

from

the

original

containers

.

Keep pesticides

in

a

cool.

dry

plac

e

and

out

of

th

e

sunlight.

OFF

THE

HOOF

T

i

m

e

l

y

T

i

p

s

Dr

.

Les

Anderson

,

Beef

Extension

Professor,

University

of

Kentucky

S

p

r

i

n

g

-

C

a

l

v

i

n

g

C

o

w

H

e

r

d

•

Fescue

pastures

don't

generally

produce

much

this

month

.

Many

of

us

have

had

some

rain

(some

of

us

a

bit

too

much}

but

the

heat

has

waited

until

late

summer

to

become

an

issue.

Most

of

you

may

have

some

forage

going

into

the

usually

dry

months

.

Keep

rotating

pastures

to

permit

calves to

continue

gaining

weight.

Always

keep

minerals

available.

•

Bulls

should

have

been

removed

from

the

cow

herd

by

the

end

of

the

month.

They

should

be

pastured away

from

the

cow

herd

with

a

good

fence

and

allowed

to

regain

lost

weight

and

condition.

It

is

a good

time

to

evaluate

physical

condition,

especially

feet

and

legs

.

Bulls

can

be

given

medical

attention

and

still

have

plenty

of

time

to

recover,

e.g

.

,

corns, 

abscesses

,

split

hooves,

etc.

If

removing

the

bull

is

not

practical

for

you

then

call

your

herd

veterinarian

and

schedule

a

pregnancy

diagnosis

.

Market

your

"late-bred"

cows

and

keep

those

that

conceived

early

in

the

breeding

season

.

•

Repair

and

improve

corrals

for

fall

working

and

weaning

.

Consider

having

an

area

to

wean

calves

and

retain

ownership

for

postweaning

feeding

rather

than

selling

"green",

lightweight

calves

.

Plan

to

participate

in

CPH-

45

feeder

calf

sales

in

your

area

.

F

a

l

l

-

C

a

l

v

i

n

g

C

o

w

H

e

r

d

•

Dry

cows

should

be

moved

to

better

pastures

as

calving

time

approaches.

Cows

should

start

calving

next

month.

Yearling

heifers

may

begin

"headstart"

calving later

this

month

.

Plan

to

move

cows

to

stockpiled

fescue

for

the

breeding

season

,

so

it

will

soon

be

time

to

apply

nitrogen

fertilizer

.

Cooperative

Extension

Service

University

of

Kentucky

Beef

IRM

Team

Published

Monthly

by

UK

Beef

IRM

Team

and

edited

by

Dr

.

Les

Anderson,

Beef

Extension

Specialist,

Department

of

Animal

&

Food

Science,

University

of

Kentucky

•

Prepare for

the

fall-

calving

season

 (usually

September)

.

Get

ready,

be

sure

you

have

the

following

:

-

record

book

-

ear

tags

for

identification

-

calf

puller

-

castration

equipment

G

e

n

e

r

a

l

•

Perhaps

the

most

tedious

aspect

of

agriculture

is

keeping

records

,

generating

reports

,

and

using

data

to

make

management

decisions.

Consider

using

one

of

the

many

electronic

data

collection and

management

systems

available

on

the

market

.

•

Provide

shade

and

water!

Cattle

will

need

shade

during

the

hot

part

of

the

day.

Check

water

supply

frequently-

 as

much

as

20

gallons

may

be

required

by

high

producing

cows

in

very

hot

weather.

•

Select

pastures for

stockpiling

.

Remove

cattle

and

apply

nitrogen

when

moisture

conditions

are

favorable.

Stockpiled

fescue

can

be

especially

beneficial

for

fall-calving

cows

after

calving.

Reproductive

rates

are

highest

in

fall-calving

cows

grazing

stockpiled

fescue.

•

Avoid

working

cattle

when

temperatures

are

extremely

high

-

especially

those

grazing

high

endophyte

fescue.

If

cattle

must

be

handled,

do

so

in

the

early

morning

.

•

Do

not

give

up

on

fly

control

in

late

summer,

especially

if

fly

numbers

are

greater

 than

about

50

flies

per

animal.

You

can

use

a

different

"type"

of

spray

or

pour

-

on

to

kill

any

resistant

flies

at

the

end

of

fly

season

.

•

Keep

a

good

mineral

mix

available

at

all

times

.

The

UK

Beef

IRM

Basic

Cow-Calf

mineral

is

a

good

choice

.

•

Cattle

may

also

be

more

prone

to

eat poisonous

plants

during

periods

of

extreme

temperature

stress.

They 

will

stay

in

"wooded

"

areas

and

browse

on

plants

that

they

would

not

normally

consume.

Consider

putting

a

roll

of

hay

in

these

areas

and/or

spraying

plants

like

purple

(perilla)

mint

that

can

be

toxic.

•

Take

soil

samples

to

determine

pasture

fertility

needs.

Fertilize

as

needed,

this

fall

.

S

t

o

c

k

p

i

l

e

f

o

r

a

g

e

s

t

o

e

x

t

e

n

d

t

h

e

g

r

a

z

i

n

g

s

e

a

s

o

n

Source

:

Ray

Smith,

UK

plant

and

soil

sciences

professor

Good

pasture

management

can

help

extend

the

grazing

season

further

into

the

fall

and

early

winter.

Take

advantage

of

good

growing

conditions

to

obtain

high-quality

pasture

for

late

fall

and

early

winter 

grazing.

Stockpiling

helps broaden

the

pasture

season

for

the

cow

herd,

reduces

feed

and

labor

costs by

lowering

the

amount

of

hay

needed

and

provides

an

ideal location

for

the

beef

 cow 

herd

to

winter

and

calve.

It's

easy

to

begin

to

stockpile

.

Simply

take

cattle

 off

pastures in

late

summer,

apply

nitrogen fertilizer

and

allow 

grass

to

accumulate

growth

through

late

fall

.

Then,

put

cattle

on

the 

pasture

one

section

at

a

time

until

they've

finished

grazing

the

whole

field

.

Take

soil

samples

for

analyses

to

determine

pasture

requirements

for

phosphorus,

potassium

and

lime

.

You'll

need

this

information

to

renovate

with

clover

in

the

spring.

Tall

fescue

and

Kentucky

bluegrass

are

the

best

grasses

to

stockpile

in

Kentucky.

Both

retain green

color

and

forage

quality

late

into

winter,

are

somewhat

resistant

to

low

temperatures

and

form

a

good

sod.

Tall

fescue

produces

more

fall

and

winter

growth

than

Kentucky

bluegrass.

Nitrogen

and

moisture

are

critical

to

successfully

stockpiling

grasses.

Apply

nitrogen

in

mid-August.

Top

dress

at

the

rate

of

40

to

60

pounds

of

actual

nitrogen

per

acre

for

Kentucky

bluegrass.

Use

40

to

100

pounds

of

actual

nitrogen

per

acre

on

tall

fescue.

Numerous

studies

show

wise

fertilizer

use

and

timing

results

in

high

yields

during

fall

and

early

winter.

Tall

fescue

crude

protein and

digestibility

are

better

during

fall

and

early

winter

than

at

any

other

time

of

the

year

.

Yields

can

be

very

good

when

water

is

available

during

the

stockpiling

period

.

Tall

fescue

can

produce

two

tons

of

dry

matter

up

to

late

November.

With

adequate

water,

producers

can

achieve

25

pounds

of

dry

matter

for

each

pound

of

nitrogen

used

.

After

frost,

let

cattle

graze

grass-

legume

fields

quickly

before

plants

deteriorate.

Then

,

put

animals

on

the

stockpiled

grass

fields.

For

the

most

efficient

use

of

stockpiled

fields,

establish

a

strip grazing

system

by

using

a

temporary

electric

fence

to

section

off

areas

of

the

field

.

The

first

grazing

area

should

have

water

and

mineral

sources

.

When

animals

have

grazed

this

area,

move

the

fence

to

open

a

new 

strip.

Repeat

this

process

until

the

entire 

field

has

been

grazed

.

Stockpiled

grass

is

an

excellent

choice

for

fall-calving

cows

because

it

can

be

used

to

meet

high

nutritional

needs

after

calving

and

during

the

breeding season.

Grazing

stockpiled

grasses

may

offer

the

most

benefit

to

spring-

calving

cows

in

thin

body

condition

during

the

fall.

Growing,

weaned

cattle

can

be

grazed

on

stockpiled

fescue.

Using

stockpiled

grasses

helps

lower

feed

costs

when

backgrounding

cattle

.

COOPERATIVE

EXTENSION

SERVICE

•

UNIVERSITY

OF

KEt\'TUCKY

COLLEGE

OF

AGRICULTURE,

 LEXINGTON,

KY,

40546

ID

-

11

3

W

i

n

t

e

r

C

o

v

e

r

C

r

o

p

s

f

o

r

K

e

n

t

u

c

k

y

G

a

r

d

e

n

s

a

n

d

F

i

e

l

d

s

U

K

.

\I

I',

I

\'

I

I,

)

11

I

ll

I

KEl\TTUCKY

'

Collq;r

of

Agricuhurc

Monror

Ra

s

nak

r

,

£:rtcnsion

Soil.,

a11d

Crops

Sprcial

is

t

;

117nston

D1m11't'll.

£.\1rmion

l

't'gc

tahl

es

and

Onramc111all

Spr('ialist;

and

Lt-

slit-

Hrstou.

l

'c

·

g

l'tubl

c

Resc

·

arrh

and

Tc·ad1in,:

over

crops

ha\'e

long

been

used

to

reduce

soil

erosion.

C

add

organic

matter

to

improve

the

soil,

and

pro\'idc

some

winter

and

early

spring

grazing.

W

i

tJ1tl,e

de

v

elopment

of

no-till

cropping

i.ystems,

CO\'er

crops

were

recognized

for

the

i

r

ability

to

provide

moisture-conserving

residues

as

well

as

nitrogen

for

the succeeding

crop.

Recent

concern

for

water

quality

has

provided

additional

reai.ons

to

use

cover

crop

s

.

Cover

crops

take

up

and

hold

nutrient

s

,

especially

nitrogen

.

that

were

not

used

by

the

pre,

•

iou

s

c

r

op

.

Becau

s

e

they

remove

water

from

the

soiI,

t

he

y

ma

y

reduce

the

rii.k

of

nutrients

and

pesticides

moving

through

the

soil.

Cover

crops

may

 reduce

weed

problem!>

and

the

need

for

herbicidc5

by

competing

with

them

for

space

and

nutrients

and

by

providing

a

mulch

to

cover

the

soil

s

urface

.

Some

also

releai

c

chemicals

that

sup­

press

weed

growth

and

may

reduce

populations

of

roil-

borne

plant

pathogen

s

.

Many

plants

h

n

ve

the

potential

to

provide

winter

c.cwer,

but

h

av

e

not

been

tested

in

Kentucky

to

determine

their

effective­

nes

s

and

how

they

should

be

used

.

Some

may

be

better

for

holding

nutrient

s

,

while

others

are

more

effective

in

suppress­

inF

weed

s

or

controlling

erosion

.

However,

some

have

proven

effective

and

should

be

used

until

others

can

be

e,•aluated.

The

following

describes

those

suitable

for

use

in

Kentucky

and

how

they

should

be

managed

to

provide

good

winter

co

v

er

.

S

m

a

l

l

G

r

a

i

n

s

Wheat

,

rye

,

barky,

triticale,

and

oats

arc

very

effective

winter

cover

crops. 

They

also

can

be 

harvested

as

forage.

straw,

or

grain,

or

left

in

the

field

to

pro,

•

ide

mulch

and

organic

matter

.

When

planted

early

enough

in

the

fall,

they

provide

good

winter

cover

and

take

up

nutrients

left

in

the

soil

from

the

s

ummer

c

r

op

.

Each

small

grain

crop

has

its

advantages

and

disadvantages

.

Rye

(S

e

cale

cerea/e)

is

perhaps

the

best

overall

small

grain

cover

crop

. 

It

can

be

seeded

from

August

in

northern

and

eastern

Kentucky

through

mid-November

in

western

Ken­

tucky

.

Extremely

winter-hardy

varieties

,

such

as

Aroostook,

s

hould

be

considered

iflate

planting

is

necessary.

Rye

ger­

minates

quickly

,

grows

fast,

and

provides

good

winter

cover

if

not

planted

too

late

.

F.arly

planting

is

important

for

soil

protection

and

uptake

of

nutrients

left

over

from

the

previou

s

crop

.

Rye

is

effective

in

suppressing

weeds

.

It

re

s

umes

growth

early

in

the

spring

and

may

produce

too

much

top

growth

if

not

killed

soon

enough

.

For

seeding

a

s

II

C0\'er

crop,

use

two

bushels

of

seed

per

acre

.

Up

to

three

bu

s

hel

s

of

seed

per

acre

should

be

used

if

the

rye

is

to

be

grazed

.

Wheat

(Triticum

aestivum)

is

also

an

excellent

cover

crop.

It

is

ca.c;ier

to

manage

and

more

versatile

than

th

e

other

small

grains

.

It

can

be

,ceded

from

mid-September

to

mid-

No­

vember;

however

,

plantings

made

after

mid-October

may

not

provide

good

winter

cover

and

weed

suppression

.

If

it

might

be

harvested

ai-

grain

,

plant

after

October

IO

to

8\'0id

Hei.

s

i

an

fly

.

Earlier

planting

is

n

ec

e

s

sary

when

fall

grazing

.

nutrient

uptake,

or

winter

CO\'er

arc

the

main

goals

.

Ui.c

two

bushel

s

of

i-

ced

per

acre

when

pl

a

nting

as

a

cover

crop

.

With

no-till

plant­

ing,

a

herbicide

may

be

needed

to

control

weed.

. 

Wheat

d

ocs

not

grow

as

quickly

in the

spring

as

rye

and

is

n

o

t

as

likely

to

cause

problem

s

with

100

much

top

gro\\1h.

Oats

(Al't'IIO

sativa)

can

be

u

se

d

as

a

winter cover

crop,

but

arc

not

ai-

effective

as

the

other

small

gr.tin

s

.

Overall

bioma

s

s

or

mulch

produced

is

generally

lowe

r

than

with

rye

or

wheat

.

Oats

arc

more

subject

to

winter-kill

and

start

grow-

ing

later

in

the

spring

.

If

planting

in

the

fall,

be

sure

to

use

a

winter

variety.

Plant

two

bushel

s

of

 seed

per

acre

in

early

fall

.

Oats

can

be

u.

d

as

forage

or

grain,

but

yields

may

be

less

than

with

other 

,mall

grains.

Spring

oat5

may

be

used

as

a

cover

crop

by

planting

in

early

March

.

They

can

nlso

be

planted

in

early

fall

and

allowed

to

grow

until

killed

by

cold

wcatl1er

. 

The

residue

will

continue

to

protect

the

soil

until

spring,

but

nutrients

may

be

lost

and

weed

suppression

will

be

reduced

.

Barley

(/-

lorde11m

l'ulgaro)

can

be

used

to

provide

winter

cover

and

mulch

for

a

succeeding

no-till

crop;

however,

it

is

susceptible

to

winter

injury

and

barley

yellow

dwarf

disease.

Plant

2½

bushels

of

barley

per

acre

in

late

September

fo

r

win­

ter

cover

and

silage

production

.

Barley

is

the

earliest

maturing

small

grain,

which

is

an

advantage

when

double

cropping

with

soybeans

or

com

silage.

Triticalc

(7riticum

secale)

has

been

used

mainly

for

silage

in

Kentucky

and

has

the

potential

for

high

silage

yields

.

Use

two

bushels

per

acre

and

plant

in

early

October.

S

e

e

d

i

n

g

a

n

d

M

a

n

a

g

i

n

g

S

m

a

l

l

G

r

a

i

n

s

Small

grains

arc

usually

drilled

or

broadcast

on

clean­

tilled

soil

and

covered

to

about

one

inch

.

A

corrugated

roller

(cultipacker)

or

other

device

can

be

used

to

firm

the

soil

and

press

the

seed

in

.

Small

grains can

be

planted

without

tillage

"

9

r

i

r

o

l

t

•

a

n

d

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

,

,

F

,

m

B

y

,

n

d

C

o

n

s

,

,

.

.

,

S

d

t

n

u

s

•

_

.

.

•

-

....,.,....,,

•Comm,o!ty•nd

lconoml<

-

•

with

a

no-

till

drill

or

simply

broadc

as

t

on

tht'

soil

!>Urfacc

when

there

is

sufficien

t

cove,

01

re

s

idue

from

a

previou

s

crop

.

In

g

a

rden

r,

or

small

areas,

shallow

tillage

with

a

rototiller

can

be

used

10

cover 

seed.

If 

intended

only

for

a

cover

crop,

do

not

add

nitrogen

fenilizcr.

If

it

i

s

to

be

used

as

a

forage

or

grain.

nitrogen

can

be

applied

in

late

winter.

A

rye

cover

cropshould

be

killed-

by

a

herbicid

e

or

tillage-

by

mid-

April

to

prevent

excessive

top

growth

.

Jf

small

grains

grow

too

tall

in

the

sprini_!.

it

may

be

helpful

to

mow

them

before

tilling

or

no-

till

planting.

G

r

a

s

s

e

s

Annual

rycgrass

(Loli11111

multiflomm)

can

be

us

e

d

a

a

winter

cover

crop

in

Kentucky

,

although

it

may

winter-

kill

in

some

years

.

When

planted

in

August

01

September,

it

usually

produce

s

good

top

growth

befor

e

cold

we

a

ther

.

This

will

help

it

rnrvive

better.

but

even

if 

it

do!$

winter-kill

,

it

will

still

protect

the

i.uil.

Annual

rycgra!>s

has

th

<

·

advantag<

'

of

a

dcn!-

-

c

,

le

a

fy

gro\\1h

that

providci.

good cover

which can

h

e

tilled

e

a

!>­

ily

if

not

allowc,d

to

mnturc

in 

the

spring

.

II

is

ulso

effective

in

suppressing

weeds. 

Plant

in

mid-

August

through

Septembe

r

,

u

s

e

20

to

25

poundi.

of

seed

per

acre.

and

cover

the

seed

about

½-

inch

deep

.

Rycgrass

germinates

quickly

and

will

prm

·

id

e

good

t

·

over 

before

winter.

It

can

be

grazca

or

cut

for

hay

in

late

April

or

early

May

.

If

gi'"cn

time.

it

will

produce

seed

and

can

volunteer

the

followin

g

fall

.

This

tra

i

t

causc.c:

it

to 

become

a

weed

problem

in

some

cropping

system

,

especially

those

includin1;:

wheat

.

Perennial

rycgras

s

(Loli11m

p

e

n-

•

111,r)

is

very

effective

in

supp,cssing

weeds

and

can

also

be

used

as

a

winter

CO\'CT

crop

.

It

<.

'

an

survive

over

winter

and

will

need

to

be

killed

in

the

sprin

g

.

Use

about

the

same

sccding

rate

as

annual

rycgrass

.

Tall

fescue

(F<

•

s

turn

a11111di11acrn)

can

he

used

as

a

winter

cover

crop

e

v

en

though

it

is

not an

annual

grass.

It

can

b

e

seeded

mid-

August

through

September

and

can

pro\'ide

a

good

ground 

cover

before

winter.

Broadcast

20

t

o

30

pounds

of

seed

per

acre

on

clean-tilled

soil.

Use

a

cwrugated

roller

(culti­

packer

)

to

finn

the

soil

and

pr

e

ss

in

the

i.eed

.

The

seed

should

be

covered

no

more

than

1/:-

inch

deep

.

Fcscue

can

be

grazed

or

cut

for

hny

in

early

May

.

If

it

is

to

be

used

for

hay

or

grazing

.

50

to

80 

pounds

of

nitrogen

should

be

applied

in

February

or

early

March

to

increase

yield

and

quality.

It

can

be

killed

with

a

h

e

rbicide

or

tillage

in

the

spring

before

planting

a

summer

crop.

L

e

g

u

m

e

s

Legumes

,

such

as

clovcri.

and

vet

c

he

s

,

have

th

e

added

advantage 

(1f

b

e

ing

ahle

to

use

or

..fix

•

·

nitrogen

from

the

air

fur

themselve

s

and

following

crop

s

.

They

ar

c

able

to

do

thi

s

because

of

nitrogen-fixing

bactcri

n

that

live

in

nodule

s

(knot

s

)

on

the 

plant

roots.

The

plant

provides

food

and

shelter

for

t

h

e

bacteria

 that

supply

nitrogen

for

the

plant.

When

the

roots

d

i

e

,

nitrogen

i!-

-

relea

s

ed

and

become

s

available 

to

other

plants.

Legume

seed

should

be

 inoculated

with

the

prop

e

r

nitrogen­

fixing

bacteria

.

If nitrogen

is

available

in

the

soil

,

legume

will

tak

e

it

up

ntther

than 

fixing

their

own;

thw

,,

they

arc 

be.st

when

used

on

soils

low

in

nitrogen

.

Hairy

vetch

(

Vida

villosa)

is

probably

the

mo

:,;

t

rel

i

able

and

most

productive

winter 

legume

cover

crop

adartcd

to

Kentucky.

h

i

easy

to

establish

and

i

winter

hardy

t

hrough

­

out

the

i.tatc

.

It

has

the

disadvant

a

ge

of

producing

a

significant

percentage

of

hard

seed

that

do

not

gcnninatc

the

first

year.

but

will

often

genninate

later.

This

can

create

problems

with

S

m

a

l

l

g

r

a

i

n

a

n

d

g

r

a

s

s

w

i

n

t

e

r

c

o

v

e

r

c

r

o

p

s

f

o

r

K

e

n

t

u

c

k

y

.

S

e

e