Auditing
Auditing
Prof. A.S.Patil
Department of Commerce
Shri Sangmeshwar arts & commerce college
CHADCHAN
Definition of Auditing
The
The
accumulation and evaluation
accumulation and evaluation
Of
Of
evidence
evidence
about information
about information
To determine and
To determine and
report
report
on
on
The
The
degree of correspondence
degree of correspondence
between
between
The information and
The information and
established criteria
established criteria
.
.
Auditing should be done by
Auditing should be done by
A
A
competent and independent
competent and independent
person
person
Types of Audits
1.
Financial Statement Audits
Evaluates correspondence between financial
statements and GAAP
2.
Operational Audits
Evaluates correspondence between org’s
procedures and methods and criteria of
efficiency and effectiveness
3.
Compliance Audits
Evaluates correspondence between org’s
operations and specific procedures or rules
4.
Comprehensive Audits
Accounting vs. Auditing
1.
Accounting
Accounting
Recording, classifying and summarizing of
Recording, classifying and summarizing of
economic events for the purpose of
economic events for the purpose of
providing financial information for decision
providing financial information for decision
making
making
Requires understanding of GAAP
Requires understanding of GAAP
2.
Auditing
Auditing
Determining whether recorded information
Determining whether recorded information
properly reflects the economic events of the
properly reflects the economic events of the
period
period
Requires understanding of GAAP AND of
Requires understanding of GAAP AND of
accumulation and interpretation of audit
accumulation and interpretation of audit
evidence
evidence
Financial Statement Audit
Objectives
The objective of the audit of
financial statements is to express an
opinion whether the financial
statements present fairly, in all
material respects, the financial
position, results of operations and
changes in financial position in
accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles.
Opinion
Fairly
Materiality
GAAP
FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
Materiality
Something is material if, in auditor’s judgment, its
omission or misstatement would probably affect a
user’s decision.
Audit risk
The risk that the auditor may unknowingly provide a
“clean” opinion on financial statements that are
materiality misstated. “Presents fairly” means that
this risk is at an appropriately low level.
So, an audit opinion…
is NOT an assurance as to the future
viability of an entity
is NOT an opinion as to the efficiency or
effectiveness with which its operations,
including internal control, have been
conducted
Is NOT a guarantee that the financial
statements are free of error
Benefits of Being Audited
1.
Operational Audits
Improves efficiency and effectiveness
2.
Compliance Audits
Reduces cost of non-compliance
Reassures external parties
3.
Financial Statement Audits
May be mandatory
Reduces cost of capital. Why?…….
Business Risk vs. Information
Risk
1.
Business Risk
Business Risk
Risk that organization will fail to
Risk that organization will fail to
achieve its objectives
achieve its objectives
2.
Information Risk
Information Risk
Risk that the information upon which a
Risk that the information upon which a
business decision was made is
business decision was made is
inaccurate
inaccurate
The financial stakeholders of a firm face
The financial stakeholders of a firm face
both types of risk. A financial
both types of risk. A financial
statement audit reduces information
statement audit reduces information
risk, but not business risk
risk, but not business risk
Sources of Information Risk
Remoteness of Information
Remoteness of Information
Voluminous Data
Voluminous Data
Complex Exchange Transactions
Complex Exchange Transactions
Bias and Motives of Information Provider
Bias and Motives of Information Provider
Who Performs Audits?
1.
Public Accounting Firms
•
Independent as external to audit client
•
Primarily f/s audits, but can be hired to
perform other types of audits
2.
Internal Auditors
•
Employees of org. Less
independent:depends on org structure
•
Primarily operational and compliance
audits
Who Performs Audits?
3.
Government Auditors
•
Often perform comprehensive audits,
but depends on mandate
4.
Revenue Canada Auditors
•
Compliance audits
What makes external auditors
credible?
•
Legal Liability
•
Quality Control Adopted by Firm
•
Provincial Securities Commissions
•
Members of a Profession (usually
CICA, but in some provinces CGA’S
and CMA’s also have power to
perform external financial statement
audits)
Authority of Professional
Bodies
1.
CICA
•
Sets accounting and auditing
standards
2.
CICA, SMAC, CGA
•
Publish materials for members
•
Set entrance standards and
administer exams
•
Continuing professional education
•
Codes of Professional Conduct
•
Inspection and Discipline
Financial Statement Audits
In an audit of financial statements, the auditor
complies with generally accepted auditing
standards (GAAS)……
GAAS are developed by CICA
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
(
(
GAAS) - General Standard
The General Standard
"The examination should be performed and
the report prepared by a person or persons
having adequate technical training and
proficiency in auditing, with due care and with
an objective state of mind" [Sept 1975
]
General Standard therefore emphasizes:
Competence
Objectivity
Due Professional Care
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
(GAAS)
(GAAS)
Examination Standards
A
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(i) The work should be
adequately planned and
properly executed. If
assistants are employed
they should be properly
supervised. [Sept. 1975]
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
(GAAS)
(GAAS)
Sufficient Understanding of
Internal control
(ii) A sufficient
understanding of internal
control should be obtained
to plan the audit. When
control risk is assessed
below maximum, sufficient
appropriate audit evidence
should be obtained
through tests of controls to
support the assessment.
[Oct. 1992]
Quick discussion of Internal Control
u
Control comprises those elements of an
organization (including it resources, systems,
processes, culture, structure and tasks) that, taken
together, support people in the achievement of the
organization’s
objectives.
u
Objectives relate to:
u
effectiveness and efficiency of operations,
including safeguarding of assets
u
reliability of internal and external reporting
u
compliance with applicable laws, regulations,
and internal policies
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards
(GAAS)
(GAAS)
S
u
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d
A
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(iii) Sufficient appropriate
audit evidence should be
obtained by such means as
inspection, observation,
enquiry, confirmation,
computation and analysis,
to afford a reasonable basis
to support the content of
the report. [Sept. 1975]
GAAS Reporting Standards
(i)
The report should identify the
financial statements and distinguish
between the responsibilities of
management and the responsibilities of
the auditor.
(ii)
The report should describe the scope
of the auditor's examination.
(iii) The report should contain either an
expression of opinion on the financial
statements or an assertion that an opinion
cannot be expressed. In the latter case, the
reasons therefor should be stated
.
Reporting Standards
(iv) Where an opinion is expressed, it should
indicate whether the financial statements present
fairly, in all material respects, the financial
position, results of operations and changes in
financial position in accordance with an
appropriate disclosed basis of
accounting, which except in
special circumstances should be
generally accepted accounting
principles. The report should
provide adequate explanations
with respect to any reservation
contained in such opinion
."
Auditing involves the accumulation and evaluation of evidence to assess the accuracy of information in comparison to established criteria. Different types of audits, including financial statement audits, operational audits, and compliance audits, serve specific purposes in ensuring the integrity of financial reporting. Accounting and auditing play distinct but complementary roles in providing reliable financial information for decision-making. Fundamentals like materiality and audit risk are critical in the auditing process, leading to the expression of opinions on financial statements' fairness and compliance with accounting standards.
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Presentation Transcript
Auditing Prof. A.S.Patil Department of Commerce Shri Sangmeshwar arts & commerce college CHADCHAN
Definition of Auditing The accumulation and evaluation Of evidence about information To determine and report on The degree of correspondence between The information and established criteria. Auditing should be done by A competent and independent person
Types of Audits Financial Statement Audits Evaluates correspondence between financial statements and GAAP Operational Audits Evaluates correspondence between org s procedures and methods and criteria of efficiency and effectiveness Compliance Audits Evaluates correspondence between org s operations and specific procedures or rules Comprehensive Audits 1. 2. 3. 4.
Accounting vs. Auditing Accounting Recording, classifying and summarizing of economic events for the purpose of providing financial information for decision making Requires understanding of GAAP Auditing Determining whether recorded information properly reflects the economic events of the period Requires understanding of GAAP AND of accumulation and interpretation of audit evidence 1. 2.
Financial Statement Audit Objectives The objective of the audit of financial statements is to express an opinion whether the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position, results of operations and changes in financial position in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Opinion Fairly Materiality GAAP
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Materiality Something is material if, in auditor s judgment, its omission or misstatement would probably affect a user s decision. Audit risk The risk that the auditor may unknowingly provide a clean opinion on financial statements that are materiality misstated. Presents fairly means that this risk is at an appropriately low level.
So, an audit opinion is NOT an assurance as to the future viability of an entity is NOT an opinion as to the efficiency or effectiveness with which its operations, including internal control, have been conducted Is NOT a guarantee that the financial statements are free of error
Benefits of Being Audited Operational Audits Improves efficiency and effectiveness Compliance Audits Reduces cost of non-compliance Reassures external parties Financial Statement Audits May be mandatory Reduces cost of capital. Why? . 1. 2. 3.
Business Risk vs. Information Risk 1. Business Risk Risk that organization will fail to achieve its objectives Information Risk Risk that the information upon which a business decision was made is inaccurate The financial stakeholders of a firm face both types of risk. A financial statement audit reduces information risk, but not business risk 2.
Sources of Information Risk Remoteness of Information Voluminous Data Complex Exchange Transactions Bias and Motives of Information Provider
Who Performs Audits? Public Accounting Firms Independent as external to audit client Primarily f/s audits, but can be hired to perform other types of audits Internal Auditors Employees of org. Less independent:depends on org structure Primarily operational and compliance audits 1. 2.
Who Performs Audits? Government Auditors Often perform comprehensive audits, but depends on mandate Revenue Canada Auditors Compliance audits 3. 4.
What makes external auditors credible? Legal Liability Quality Control Adopted by Firm Provincial Securities Commissions Members of a Profession (usually CICA, but in some provinces CGA S and CMA s also have power to perform external financial statement audits)
Authority of Professional Bodies 1. CICA Sets accounting and auditing standards CICA, SMAC, CGA Publish materials for members Set entrance standards and administer exams Continuing professional education Codes of Professional Conduct Inspection and Discipline 2.
Financial Statement Audits In an audit of financial statements, the auditor complies with generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS) GAAS are developed by CICA
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) - General Standard The General Standard "The examination should be performed and the report prepared by a person or persons having adequate technical training and proficiency in auditing, with due care and with an objective state of mind" [Sept 1975] General Standard therefore emphasizes: Competence Objectivity Due Professional Care
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) Examination Standards Adequate Planning and Supervision (i) The work should be adequately planned and properly executed. If assistants are employed they should be properly supervised. [Sept. 1975]
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) Sufficient Understanding of Internal control (ii) A sufficient understanding of internal control should be obtained to plan the audit. When control risk is assessed below maximum, sufficient appropriate audit evidence should be obtained through tests of controls to support the assessment. [Oct. 1992]
Quick discussion of Internal Control Control comprises those elements of an organization (including it resources, systems, processes, culture, structure and tasks) that, taken together, support people in the achievement of the organization sobjectives. Objectives relate to: effectiveness and efficiency of operations, including safeguarding of assets reliability of internal and external reporting compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and internal policies
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) Sufficient and Appropriate Audit Evidence (iii) Sufficient appropriate audit evidence should be obtained by such means as inspection, observation, enquiry, confirmation, computation and analysis, to afford a reasonable basis to support the content of the report. [Sept. 1975]
GAAS Reporting Standards (i) The report should identify the financial statements and distinguish between the responsibilities of management and the responsibilities of the auditor. (ii) The report should describe the scope of the auditor's examination. (iii) The report should contain either an expression of opinion on the financial statements or an assertion that an opinion cannot be expressed. In the latter case, the reasons therefor should be stated. Scope Opinion
Reporting Standards (iv) Where an opinion is expressed, it should indicate whether the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position, results of operations and changes in financial position in accordance with an appropriate disclosed basis of accounting, which except in special circumstances should be generally accepted accounting principles. The report should provide adequate explanations with respect to any reservation contained in such opinion."
