Aristotle's Concept of Eudaimonia and Virtue
Aristotle on eudaimonia, and
function and virtue
Michael Lacewing
enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk
(c) Michael Lacewing
The good
•
‘What is the good for human beings?’
–
What is it that we are aiming at?
–
What
would provide a successful, fulfilling, good
life?
•
Good: the purpose for which we do things, the
point of doing them
–
Some activities (making drugs, diagnosis) are done
for the sake of others (health)
•
Is there some
end for whose sake we do
everything else
?
Eudaimonia
•
The good for a human life
–
‘Happiness’
–
‘living well and faring well’: flourishing
•
Eudamonia v happiness
–
Eudaimonia is not a state of mind, but relates to the
activity of living
–
It is not subjective, but objective
–
It is not easily changed, but relates to a life as a
whole
What is eudaimonia?
•
Not pleasure: animals share in this, but there is
more to a human life
•
Not wealth: money is a means to an end
•
Honour? But what do you want to be honoured
for
?
•
The virtues? Not just having them, but
exercising them. What about being virtuous but
very unfortunate?
Final ends
•
Final end:
an end that we desire for its own sake,
not for some further purpose
•
Is there just one ‘final end’? Is eudaimonia or
anything else our only good?
•
Some final ends, e.g. pleasure, knowledge, we
seek
both
for their own sake
and
for the sake of
something else
, viz. eudaimonia
–
These other final ends are
constituent parts
of
eudaimonia
•
But only eudaimonia we seek for its own sake and
no other purpose
Eudaimonia and function
•
Eudaimonia: living well, our final end
–
But what is this?
•
Ergon
: something’s function or characteristic
form of activity (functioning rather than
purpose)
•
An x is a good x
when it performs its
characteristic activity well
–
Good eyes see well; good knives cut well; good
plants flourish
(c) Michael Lacewing
Virtue
•
A
rête
: a quality that aids
the fulfilment of a
thing’s ergon
–
An excellence or ‘virtue’
–
The focus of an eye; the sharpness of a knife
(c) Michael Lacewing
The ‘function argument’
•
Being rational – guided by reasons – is the
characteristic activity of human beings
–
Not
reasoning
but doing things for reasons
–
This is a psychological property, an activity of the
‘soul’ (
psyche
)
•
So our virtues will be properties than enable us
to do this well
•
So eudaimonia consists in activity of the soul
which exhibits the virtues by being in
accordance with (‘good’ or ‘right’) reason
(
orthos logos
)
(c) Michael Lacewing
Testing the analysis
•
Is this argument plausible?
•
There are three types of good:
–
goods of the mind (e.g. intelligence, courage, etc.)
–
goods of the body (e.g. strength, health etc.)
–
‘external’ goods (e.g. wealth, food, etc.).
–
People generally agree that the goods of the mind
are worth more than the others.
•
Eudaimonia is ‘living well’. The argument spells
this out.
(c) Michael Lacewing
Testing the analysis
•
The good life involves virtue, pleasure and
prosperity
–
Virtue: Central to the account. We must act on
virtue, not merely possess it.
–
Pleasure:
People find pleasant whatever it is that
they love. A virtuous person loves living virtuously.
–
Prosperity: In order to
live
virtuously, we will also
need a certain amount of external goods.
(c) Michael Lacewing
Aristotle's philosophy delves into the concept of eudaimonia, which is not mere pleasure or wealth but the state of living well and flourishing. Eudaimonia is achieved through the exercise of virtues, qualities that aid in fulfilling one's function or characteristic activity. This pursuit of eudaimonia as the final end encompasses the idea of performing one's function well, akin to good eyes seeing or good knives cutting. Virtue, according to Aristotle, plays a crucial role in achieving eudaimonia by aligning with one's ergon or function.
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Presentation Transcript
Aristotle on eudaimonia, and function and virtue Michael Lacewing enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk (c) Michael Lacewing
The good What is the good for human beings? What is it that we are aiming at? What would provide a successful, fulfilling, good life? Good: the purpose for which we do things, the point of doing them Some activities (making drugs, diagnosis) are done for the sake of others (health) Is there some end for whose sake we do everything else?
Eudaimonia The good for a human life Happiness living well and faring well : flourishing Eudamonia v happiness Eudaimonia is not a state of mind, but relates to the activity of living It is not subjective, but objective It is not easily changed, but relates to a life as a whole
What is eudaimonia? Not pleasure: animals share in this, but there is more to a human life Not wealth: money is a means to an end Honour? But what do you want to be honoured for? The virtues? Not just having them, but exercising them. What about being virtuous but very unfortunate?
Final ends Final end: an end that we desire for its own sake, not for some further purpose Is there just one final end ? Is eudaimonia or anything else our only good? Some final ends, e.g. pleasure, knowledge, we seek both for their own sake and for the sake of something else, viz. eudaimonia These other final ends are constituent parts of eudaimonia But only eudaimonia we seek for its own sake and no other purpose
Eudaimonia and function Eudaimonia: living well, our final end But what is this? Ergon: something s function or characteristic form of activity (functioning rather than purpose) An x is a good x when it performs its characteristic activity well Good eyes see well; good knives cut well; good plants flourish (c) Michael Lacewing
Virtue Ar te: a quality that aids the fulfilment of a thing s ergon An excellence or virtue The focus of an eye; the sharpness of a knife (c) Michael Lacewing
The function argument Being rational guided by reasons is the characteristic activity of human beings Not reasoning but doing things for reasons This is a psychological property, an activity of the soul (psyche) So our virtues will be properties than enable us to do this well So eudaimonia consists in activity of the soul which exhibits the virtues by being in accordance with ( good or right ) reason (orthos logos) (c) Michael Lacewing
Testing the analysis Is this argument plausible? There are three types of good: goods of the mind (e.g. intelligence, courage, etc.) goods of the body (e.g. strength, health etc.) external goods (e.g. wealth, food, etc.). People generally agree that the goods of the mind are worth more than the others. Eudaimonia is living well . The argument spells this out. (c) Michael Lacewing
Testing the analysis The good life involves virtue, pleasure and prosperity Virtue: Central to the account. We must act on virtue, not merely possess it. Pleasure: People find pleasant whatever it is that they love. A virtuous person loves living virtuously. Prosperity: In order to live virtuously, we will also need a certain amount of external goods. (c) Michael Lacewing
