Amphibian Parental Care and Protection Methods
PARENTAL
CARE: AMPHIBIA
De
finition: This is a process by which
parents give attention to the developing
eggs so that they can lead independent life,
thus ensuring the possibilities of the
survival of the species
.
Selection
of
site
–
Many
amphibians
lay
eggs
in
protected
moist
microhabitats
on
land.
Many
tropical
frogs
and
toads
lay
eggs
on
land
near
water.
Many
tree
frogs
lay
their
eggs
not
on
land
but
on
leaves
and
branches
over
hanging
water.
E.g.
Rhachophorus,
Hylodes.
Defending
eggs
or
territories
-
Males
of
green
frog
Rana
clamitans
and
other
species
maintain
territories
and
attack
small
intruders
to
defend
eggs.
Male
or
female
even
guards
the
eggs.
PROTECTION BY
NESTS,
NURSERIES
OR
SHELTERS
Hylodeds
sp
Triton
sp lay eggs undersurfaces
of leaves overhanging on pond rain washes
down to the water where metamorhosis takes
palce
Foam
nests
–
Many
amphibians
convert
copious
mucous
secretions
into
nests
for
their
young.
Mud
Nests
–
In
Brazilian
tree
frog
Hyla
fabre,
the
male
digs
a
little
crater-like
hole
or
nursery
in
mud
in
shallow
water,
in
which
the
female
lays
her
eggs.
Tree
nests
– The
south
American
tree
frogs
Phyllomedusa hypochondrales,
lays
eggs
in
a
folded
leaf
nest
with
margins
glued
together
by
cloacal
secretion.
DIRECT
CARRYING
BY
PARENT
Coiling around
eggs
-
in
congo
eel,
Amphuima
and
certain
caecilians,
the
female
lays
large
eggs
in
burrows
in
damp
soil
and
carefully
guards
them
by
coiling her
body
around
them
until
they
hatched.
Transferring
tadpoles to water
–
some
species
of
small
frogs
in
both
tropical
Africa
and
South
America,
the
hatching
tadpoles
fasten
themselves
to
the
back
of
one
of
the
parent
with
their
sucker
like
mouth
and
transported
to
water.
Eggs glued
to
body
–
Many
amphibians,
instead
of
remaining
with
the
eggs,
carry
the
eggs
glued
to
their
body.
Eg.
Dusky
salamender
Nest of gelatinous bag:
7
.Salamandra
sp lays eggs in gelatinous bags.
8.Shoot nest: Triton sp collects the shoot and lay
eggs within the shoot and rain wash out the
eggs.
Parents are directly
involved:Without structural
modiications of te body:
Eggs are carried on brood pouch within which
eggs hatch into Tadeole.
Alytes
sp a mid wife toad the mal carries the
egss on his back.
Desmognathus
sp the female carries the eggs mass
tied down on her neck.
Ichthyophis sp te female coils round the eggs
underground within decomposed leaves.
Eggs
in
back pouches
-
In
marsupial
frogs
or toads,
the
female
carries
the
eggs on her back, either
in
an open oval depression,
a
closed pouch or
in individual
pockets.
Viviparity
–
Some anurans are ovoviviparous.
They
retain
eggs
in the
oviducts and
the females
gives birth
to
living
young.
With structural modification:
Gastrotheca
sp carries eggs in brood pouch,
during breeding season by hormonal action
formed on the back of the female.
Cryptobranchus
sp carried eggs in brood pouch
later developed in belly.
Pipa
sp during amplexion the uterus of the female
isverted and malepresses the egss into the brood
pouches where they develop into tadepole larvae
R.darwinn
i the tadepole develops within the vocal
sac of male.
It
is
important
for
survival
of
young
one.
It
improves
offspring
quality
in
a
way
that
leads
to
increased
offspring
survival
and
reproduction
in
the
future
when
parents
are
no
longer
associated
with
offspring.
BENEFITS
OF
PARENTAL
CARE
THANK
YOU
Parental care in amphibians involves various strategies such as nest building, direct carrying of eggs, and protecting developing eggs in different ways like laying eggs on leaves, burrowing, or creating foam nests. These methods ensure the survival of amphibian species by providing a safe environment for the eggs and tadpoles to develop before emerging into the wild.
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Presentation Transcript
PARENTAL CARE: AMPHIBIA
De Definition: This is a process by which parents give attention to the developing eggs so that they can lead independent life, thus ensuring the possibilities of the survival of the species.
PROTECTION BY PROTECTION BY NESTS, NURSERIES NURSERIESOR NESTS, OR SHELTERS SHELTERS Selection Selection of protected moist microhabitats on land. Many tropical frogsandtoadslayeggsonlandnearwater.Manytree frogs lay their eggs not on land but on leaves and branches over hanging water. E.g. Rhachophorus, Hylodes. Defending Defending eggs eggs or or territories territories-Males of green frog Rana clamitans and other species maintain territories and attacksmallintruderstodefendeggs.Maleor female even guards theeggs. of site site Many amphibians lay eggs in
Hylodeds sp Triton sp lay eggs undersurfaces of leaves overhanging on pond rain washes down to the water where metamorhosis takes palce Foam Foam nests nests Many amphibians convert copious mucous secretionsintonestsfortheiryoung. Mud MudNests Nests InBraziliantreefrogHylafabre,themale digs a little crater-like hole or nursery in mud in shallowwater,inwhich thefemalelayshereggs. Tree Tree nests nests The south American tree frogs Phyllomedusa hypochondrales,layseggsinafolded leafnestwithmarginsglued together by cloacal secretion.
DIRECT CARRYING BYPARENT in congo eel, Amphuima and Coiling around eggs - certaincaecilians,the femalelayslargeeggsinburrowsin damp soil and carefully guards them by coiling her body aroundthem untiltheyhatched. Transferring tadpoles to water some species ofsmall frogs in both tropical Africa and South America, the hatching tadpoles fasten themselves to the back of one of the parent with their suckerlikemouth andtransportedto water. Eggs glued to body Many amphibians, instead of remainingwith theeggs, carrythe eggsgluedto theirbody. Eg. Duskysalamender
Nest of gelatinous bag: 7.Salamandra sp lays eggs in gelatinous bags. 8.Shoot nest: Triton sp collects the shoot and lay eggs within the shoot and rain wash out the eggs. Parents are directly involved:Without structural modiications of te body: Eggs are carried on brood pouch within which eggs hatch into Tadeole. Alytes sp a mid wife toad the mal carries the egss on his back. Desmognathus sp the female carries the eggs mass tied down on her neck. Ichthyophis sp te female coils round the eggs underground within decomposed leaves.
Eggs in back pouches- In marsupial frogs or toads, the female carries the eggs on her back, either in an open oval depression, a closed pouch or in individual pockets. Viviparity Some anurans are ovoviviparous. They retain eggs in the oviducts and the females gives birth to living young.
With structural modification: Gastrotheca sp carries eggs in brood pouch, during breeding season by hormonal action formed on the back of the female. Cryptobranchus sp carried eggs in brood pouch later developed in belly. Pipa sp during amplexion the uterus of the female isverted and malepresses the egss into the brood pouches where they develop into tadepole larvae R.darwinni the tadepole develops within the vocal sac of male.
BENEFITS BENEFITS OF OF PARENTAL PARENTALCARE CARE It isimportant for survivalof young one. It improves offspring quality in away that leads to increasedoffspring survivaland reproduction in the future when parents are no longer associated with offspring.
