Advances in X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging with Single Crystal Scintillators

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This presentation discusses the use of single-crystal scintillators in X-ray imaging systems to optimize spatial resolution and efficiency. By utilizing modified FO plates and single crystals, a new paradigm has been introduced to enhance the point-spread function while maintaining or improving efficiency. The comparison of scintillator screen resolution vs. thickness is presented, highlighting the benefits of single crystal scintillators. Various aspects such as tissue refractive index effects and propagation-based X-ray phase contrast imaging are also explored in the seminar.

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  1. First X First X- -ray Phase Contrast Imaging with ray Phase Contrast Imaging with an 88 an 88- -mm Diameter Single Crystal mm Diameter Single Crystal Alex H. Lumpkin (Fermilab) Presented at PPD Research Techniques Seminar Batavia, IL October 16, 2018

  2. Introduction Introduction Issue: X-ray imaging and X-ray phase contrast (XPC) imaging systems require good spatial resolution and efficiency. -Princeton Instruments (PI) systems use polycrystalline phosphors with a trade of x-ray conversion efficiency and spatial resolution. (based on I. Naday et al. (1994)) Solution: Single-crystal scintillators and modified FO plates (FOPs) offer a new paradigm on optimizing resolution or point-spread function (PSF) while maintaining or improving efficiency. Use FWHM sizes. (clues from relativistic electron-beam imaging) 2 2 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  3. Screen Resolution vs. Thickness Screen Resolution vs. Thickness 2 Scintillator screen resolution vs. thickness after applying corrections. Electron beams. 350 Chromox, Elettra,450 Powder Data Crystal Data 300 250 Chromox, APS/ANL,450 Resolution ( m) 200 150 YAG:Ce, A0PI,450 100 YAG:Tb, BNL,00 50 YAG:Ce, single crystal SCSS and Mainz,00 0 YAG 5 m grain size 0 200 400 600 800 A.H. Lumpkin et al., Phys.Rev. ST-AB (2013) Scintillator Thickness ( m) 3 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  4. X X- -ray Phase ray Phase- -Contrast Imaging Contrast Imaging From M.Anastasio s FNAL Colloquium 8/6/14 4 4 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  5. Tissue Refractive Index Effects Tissue Refractive Index Effects From M.Anastasio s FNALColloquium 8/6/14 5 5 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  6. Propagation Based (PB) XPC Propagation Based (PB) XPC From M.Anastasio s FNAL Colloquium 8/6/14, A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 6 6

  7. Example of PB Example of PB- -XPC Imaging XPC Imaging Resolution Critical here From M.Anastasio s FNAL Colloquium 8/6/14, and following slides 7 7 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  8. Propagation Based (PB) XPC Propagation Based (PB) XPC From M.Anastasio s FNAL Colloquium 8/6/14 8 8 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  9. Imaging System Factors Imaging System Factors Multiple light scattering term in polycrystalline x-ray converter screens avoided with single crystals. Fiber optic depth-of-focus term limits the resolution with thicker screens chosen for more efficiency. Camera pixel size and optics provide an optical point spread function (PSF). Field of view considerations may impact optics choice. Overall system PSF depends on all factors. 9 9 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  10. X X- -ray Collimator tests ray Collimator tests A set of X-ray collimators was used to aperture the scene at the Be entrance window of the Quad-RO-4096. Collimators were 1 or 2 mm thick W depending on aperture. Effective aperture FWHM was estimated by dividing diameter by the Sqrt 12 and multiplying by 2.35. Observed images were processed with a Matlab-based program from FNAL. Gaussian fit to projected profiles. Calibration factor assumed at 15 m/pixel per vendor using 1:1 fiber optic bundle. Sigma x 2.35 =FWHM. X-ray source at 25 kV, 7- m spot, 3.8 W, 0.9 m distance. 10 10 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  11. Schematic of Present PI Design Schematic of Present PI Design Polycrystalline phosphor is deposited on an Al coated 50- m thick mylar substrate. Al coating reflects light back towards the CCD. The phosphor is pressure coupled to FO bundle already bonded to the CCD. 50- m Mylar substrate. X rays Al thin layer Interface of polycrystalline rough surface and polished FO faceplate Gd2O2S:Tb poly- crystals, 90 mm diam by <50 m thick. Photons FO bundle to CCD (6- m diam fibers) CCD chip, 4096 x4096 pixels Top view 90-mm diameter Side view 11 11 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  12. Collimated X Collimated X- -ray Beams Used ray Beams Used Table 1. Summary of collimator properties for 17 keV x-ray tests. Collimator # 1 Diameter( m) FWHM ( m) 400 272 2 200 136 3 68 4 50 34 5 25 17 12 12 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  13. 50 50- - m Diameter Collimator Data m Diameter Collimator Data Initial images obtained using the 50- m diameter collimator with a) the reference P43 phosphor and b) a 50- m thick single YAG:Ce crystal. Projected profile data (blue) and fitted Gaussian curves (red) are compared. Houston, we have a problem. 13 13 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  14. Single Crystal Reduces PSF Single Crystal Reduces PSF Quad-RO images of pinholes. X-ray source: 25 kV, 7- m spot, 3.8 W. Apertures were 400, 200,100, 50, and 25 m diam with FWHM calc. Image proj. fit to single Gaussian. X-ray Pinhole Data (12-15,16-14) X-ray Pinhole Data (12-15-14) 300 300 Aperture FWHM Observed FWHM Observed FWHM set2 Observed FWHM Crystal Aperture FWHM Observed FWHM 250 250 200 200 FWHM ( m) FWHM ( m) 150 150 Polycrystal 100 Polycrystal 100 50 Single crystal 50 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Case No. Case No. 14 14 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  15. Explore Al Reflector Effect: P43 Explore Al Reflector Effect: P43 Al Reflector used to redirect light to the CCD camera for more efficiency, but at the sacrifice of spatial resolution. Compare single Gaussian and 2-Gaussian fits to data. FWMH1= 81 m FWMH1= 42 m, FWHM2= 117 m 15 15 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  16. FOP Depth FOP Depth- -of of- -Focus Effect Focus Effect Observed System PSF grows from 21 um to 75 um with single crystal effective thickness. CBL Data (10-20-15) 100 YAG:Ce single crystal YAG:Ce 100 um GdOS:Tb polycrystal 80 System PSF ( m) 60 40 20 0 50 100 150 200 Crystal Effective Thickness ( m) 16 16 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  17. Trades on Properties Trades on Properties Scintillator resolution and efficiency. 17 17 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  18. New Concept New Concept Propose the thin rare-earth-garnet scintillator crystal be bonded to a flat fiber optic plate (FOP) to couple efficiently to the FO bundle already bonded to the CCD. X rays YAG:Ce Single crystal, 90 mm diam by 50-100 m thick. Interface of polished FOP surface and polished FO faceplate FLAT FO plate (adjusted depth of focus to boost signal) Photons FO bundle to CCD (6- m diam fibers) CCD chip, 4096 x4096 pixels Top view 90-mm diam Side view 18 18 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  19. Bonded Crystal on FOP Bonded Crystal on FOP First, or one of first, bonding of high resolution thin scintillator at 88 mm diam on FOP. (a.k.a. Katherine s Krystal). June 2015. 25 mm diam YAG:Ce 88 mm diam YAG:Ce 100- m thickness 19 19 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  20. ADVANTAGES of Concept ADVANTAGES of Concept Single crystal with FOP should couple to FO bundle efficiently. Maintains PI s phosphor exchange feature. (Future could include direct coupling/bonding of the crystal to FO faceplate of CCD s fiber bundle or CCD?). Single crystal offers improved spatial resolution over polycrystals with 80- m (FWHM) res. optimized for 17 keV x-rays. Single crystal should be locally more uniform in response than polycrystals. Energies >17 keV usable. Goal to have scintillator resolution better than the optical resolution component. Goal to reduce exposure time for image and subject. Invoke large diameter MCP II with enhanced phosphor. 20 20 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  21. PB PB- -XPC Imaging of Fibers XPC Imaging of Fibers 33- m diameter carbon fibers used as test. 21 21 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  22. Comparison of Absorptive and XPC Images Comparison of Absorptive and XPC Images Comparison of the (a) x-ray absorptive and (b) PB-XPC images of a portion of a dragonfly subject obtained with the 88-mm diameter crystal installed in the indirect x-ray imaging system. The 4x4 mm2 ROIs in red of each image are zoomed in and shown in (c) and (d), respectively. The intensity grey scale is shown in the vertical bar at the right. 22 22 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  23. Zoomed XPC image Zoomed XPC image Comparison of the (a) x-ray absorptive and (b) PB-XPC images of a portion of a dragonfly subject obtained with the 88-mm diameter crystal installed in the indirect imaging system. Note the visibly sharper features in the XPC image at the right. The intensity grey scale is shown in the vertical bar at the right. 23 23 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  24. SUMMARY SUMMARY- -1 1 Developed case for single crystal options. Spatial resolution vs. reference Photon yield vs. reference Spectral match to CCD response Higher energy response Performed series of experiments with x-ray source at CBL with 50- and 100- m thick single crystals. Based on results, select full-scale, 90-mm diam crystal. Test resolution of large crystal with x-ray collimators. Test with XPC method on carbon fibers and sample. Future Test with mammography phantoms and XPC method. Test large crystal in lens coupled mode at APS. 24 24 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  25. Advanced Photon Source (APS) Advanced Photon Source (APS) Synchrotron radiation hard x-ray facility based on 1100-m circumference ring with 7-GeV beam energy. ~5000 users per year. 25 25 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  26. Advanced Photon Source (APS) Advanced Photon Source (APS) Parameters Parameters Location of measurements 26 26 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  27. Schematic of 1BM Schematic of 1BM- -C Beamline C Beamline Beamline provides a double crystal monochromator and adjustable Mo (backed by Cu) slits at 53.5 m. 27 27 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  28. APS X APS X- -ray Collimator tests ray Collimator tests A set of adjustable Mo slits at entrance of 1-BM-C station was used to aperture the beam at the crystal. Point spread function (PSF) evaluated at FWHM value. ANDOR Neo sCMOS camera used with 6.5 m pixels. Observed images were processed with a Matlab-based program from FNAL. Gaussian fits to projected profiles. Calibration factor measured at 2.5 m/pixel per calibration with 2.5 x objective installed. The horizontal slits were set at 1 mm while adjusting the vertical slits from 1 mm to ~10 m readings. Slit offset of 5 m indicated for zero cts. on detector. X-ray source beamline monochromator tuned at 17 keV. 28 28 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  29. Setup and Sample holders Setup and Sample holders Thorlabs1 lens holders used for 25 mm diam crystals and polarizing grid holder for 88 mm sample. 29 29 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  30. Setup and Sample holders Setup and Sample holders 30 30 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  31. 20* m Slits Images 20* m Slits Images 100 m YAG/FOP, 100 m YAG2, 100 m YAG plus Al coat, (left to right), 60 s integration, 1 mm Al absorber. 22.5 m FWHM obs. 10.3 m FWHM subt. 27.3 m FWHM obs. 18.6 m FWHM subt. 26.8 m FWHM obs. 18.5 m FWHM subt. * 5- m slit offset subtracted 31 31 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  32. First 88 mm First 88 mm Diam Diam YAG:Ce YAG:Ce Data Data- -a a Stepped Slits at entrance of 1-BM-C station APS 1BM-C Data (11-01-15) 250 Slits Diameter 100 um YAG:Ce on FOP Slits FWHM 200 150 Size ( m) 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Collimator Step No. 32 32 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  33. First 88 mm First 88 mm Diam Diam YAG:Ce YAG:Ce Data Data- -b b Stepped Slits at entrance of 1-BM-C station. APS 1-BM-C Slits Scan (11-01-15) 200 180 100 m YAG/FOP 100 m YAG+Al 160 140 FWHM ( m) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Collimator Step No. 33 33 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  34. PSF Reduced with Lens Coupling PSF Reduced with Lens Coupling Lens coupling tests at APS compared to FO coupling. Different camera systems involved at two labs. CBL Data (10-20-15) 100 YAG:Ce single crystal YAG:Ce 100 m GdOS:Tb polycrystal 100 m YAG1-10-21 APS lens coupled 80 System PSF ( m) 60 40 20 0 50 100 150 200 Crystal Effective Optical Thickness ( m) A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 34 34

  35. Crystal Topography Crystal Topography Possible application, replace film with ~ 10 micron resolution with large crystal and camera. Set-up for topography at APS Example topograph on film of type IIa diamond single crystal A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 35 35

  36. SUMMARY SUMMARY- -2 2 Developed case for single crystal options. Spatial resolution vs. reference polycrystalline: x5 better Photon yield vs. reference (TBD). ~1000 times brighter in 100 ns. Spectral match to CCD response: OK Higher energy response tests would use LuAG:Ce Performed series of experiments with x-ray source at APS with 100 m thick single crystals, with and without Al and a FOP bonding. Obtained first x-ray images from 88-mm diam YAG:Ce (100 m thick) and PSF of ~10 m compared to expected 100- m PSF with polycrystal sample. Future Test large crystal with objects or topography at APS. Test in x-ray phase contrast lab at Wash. Univ. St. Louis. 36 36 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  37. Lyncean Compact Light Source Lyncean Compact Light Source Lyncean has developed a compact light source based on inverse Compton scattering (lynceantech.com site) Not shown, Drive laser table, rf power sources: Klystron tubes for linac and ring rf? 37 37 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  38. Schematic of the CLS Schematic of the CLS Schematic of rf gun, linac, synchrotron ring , optical cavity and laser. Inverse Compton scattering for x-rays. UV Laser to gun IR Laser lynceantech.com site 38 38 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  39. Preclinical Mammography Study Preclinical Mammography Study 39 39 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  40. Possible Variation on a Theme? Possible Variation on a Theme? CLS Scaled down by 200 in beam energy and footprint from APS. What if one replaced rf gun and linac with a Laser Plasma Accelerator?? 40 40 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  41. SUMMARY SUMMARY- -3 3 Demonstrated spatial resolution improvements in x-ray imaging with single crystals compared to polycrystal screens at Wash. Univ. and APS. RSI article, July 2018. Fundamental effects of light scattering in polycrystals and addition of Al reflector on screens were elucidated. Demonstrated the 88-mm diameter crystal bonded to FOP for first time in lens-coupled mode and fiberoptic- coupled mode. Initial PB-XPC images obtained at Wash. Univ. with large crystal. Non-provisional patent application filed 10/23/17 Noted the preclinical XPC mammography tests on the Lyncean CLS. Broad team expertise involved, Munich now has a Lyncean compact source. Contacting them. 41 41 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  42. Acknowledgments Acknowledgments The speaker acknowledges the support of N. Eddy and R. Dixon of the Accelerator Division and E. Ramberg of the Detector Development Program Office in the Particle Physics Division. He also acknowledges Prof. Mark Anastasio and Dr. Trey Garson for collaborating on the single crystal experiments at Wash. Univ. in St. Louis in their bioimaging laboratory and Dr. Al Macrander for collaborations at APS. 42 42 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018

  43. PB PB- -XPC tests XPC tests XPC (a) and absorptive (b) images of a dragonfly. Corresponding Profiles in ROI shown in (c) and (d). 43 43 A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, A.H. Lumpkin PPD Research Techniques Seminar October 16, 2018 2018

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