A Comparative Study of Agriculture in British Historical Statistics Project and Agrarian History of England & Wales

 
BHSP        B
RITISH
 H
ISTORICAL
 S
TATISTICS
 P
ROJECT
 
BHSP: Modern Statistics
(illustrated mainly through Agriculture)
 
 
Michael Turner
(University of Hull)
 
Michael Turner
 
9/21/2024
 
1
 
To review the single sector of Agriculture
Comparing Mitchell (1988) with Agrarian History
 
of England & Wales (AHEW) Vol. VII, (2000)
To identify some overlaps & differences
To indicate what has been added more recently
To identify some new sources outside agriculture
By knocking on the doors of our colleagues
 
Today’s Exercise
 
9/21/2024
 
2
 
Michael Turner
 
Source
 
Dates
  
Pages
  
Tables
 
Other
Mitchell
 
1697-1980
 
56
  
21
     
(6 script)
AHEW (VII)
 
1850-1914
 
382
  
104
  
32 maps
     
(65 script)
   
55 graphs
 
The next 3 slides compare the detail in Mitchell from his 21 tables with
the details from AHEW and indicating the differences and some of
the latest additions to our knowledge
 
An Audit of Agriculture
Mitchell in the light of AHEW Vol. VII
 
9/21/2024
 
3
 
Michael Turner
 
Mitchell 
    
AHEW
 
New
mid 19
th
 C – 1980
   
c.1850-1914
1.
Crop acres (GB 1867-1980)
 
yes (to 1914)
 
county dist
2.
Crop acres (Ireland 1847-1980)
   
county dist
3.
Wheat yields (E&W 1884-1980)
 
yes (better?)
 
TBA (2001)*
4.
Production (GB)
   
yes (better?) 
 
Paul Brassley
5.
Production (Ireland)
    
better?
6.
Livestock  no (GB)
   
yes
  
county dist
7.
Livestock  no (Ireland)
    
county dist
8.
‘Meat’ prod (UK 1901-80, 
 
(UK by value
 
better via
 
Rep 1935-80)
  
by ‘animal’ 1867-1914)   carcass wts.
*Note: TBA is Turner, Beckett, Afton, 
Farm Production
 (CUP, 2001)
 
9/21/2024
 
4
 
Michael Turner
 
Mitchell 
    
AHEW
 
New
mid 19
th
 C – 1980
   
c.1850-1914
9.   Dairy production (1900-)
  
milk output
 
milk yields &
     
by value (via Bellerby)
 
Irish creameries
10.
Fish landings
   
not covered
 
MHSC (Hull)*
11.
Agric Output (1855-1965)
  
via Bellerby
 
Brassley, Feinstein
12.
Inputs/outputs UK (1867-1980)
 
via Bellerby &
 
Phillips on drainage
    
(detail in FML chapter on fertilizer)
13.
ditto  Ireland 1926-1980
  
not covered
14.
No  of agric workers (1921-80)
 
back to 1851
 
Leigh Shaw-Taylor
     
(based on Booth, Bowley,
     
Taylor, & Armstrong)
 
*Note: MHSC is the 
Maritime Historical Studies Centre
, University of Hull
 
 
 
9/21/2024
 
5
 
Michael Turner
 
Mitchell 
    
AHEW
 
New
mid 19
th
 C – 1980
   
c.1850-1914
 
15.
Farm Incomes 1855-1980
  
via Bellerby
 
rent  (Clark, TBA)
16.
Corn Trade GB (1697-1842)
 
(in Vol. VI)
17.
Corn Trade UK (1792-1980)
 
more variety/fewer years
18.
Wheat imports UK (1828-1980)
 
graphically only
19.
Meat Imports (1840-1980)
 
not annually
 
Perren on frozen
20.
Meat & butter exp (Rep 1924-80) not covered
21.
Acreage enclosed – England
 
(Vol. VI omitted)  Chapman et al
         
add Wales
 
9/21/2024
 
6
 
Michael Turner
 
In AHEW Vol. VI, not in Mitchell (or better than in..)
Meat prices from Eton, Charterhouse, Smithfield, St Thom.
 
Hospital (via Beveridge)
Cheese & butter prices Greenwich Hosp., Navy, Lancs.,
 
Cheshire (via Beveridge)
Sheep and cattle weights by breed 1750-1850
Better rye, beans, peas prices
Regional markets for wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas & rye for
 
up to 100 years
 
Brief Comparison with Vol. VI 1750-1850
 
9/21/2024
 
7
 
Michael Turner
 
Continued.....
 
Butter prices, Waterford 1779-1850
Potatoes prices 1771-1853 (Lancaster & Preston)
Cider prices 1769-90 (Worcester), grass seed prices (1790-1814)
 Specialist trade - guano 1840s, clover seed 1750-1850, oil seed
 
cake 1792-1850, hops back to 1750
Agriculturally wages regionally back to 1768
 
9/21/2024
 
8
 
Michael Turner
 
Unused/Recent/New Datasets (just a flavour)
Tithe returns
 
Kain
Enclosure
 
Kain/Chapman
Rent
  
TBA in AHEW
  
Greg Clark, & revised TBA
Crop Yields
 
TBA
Prices
  
new Irish prices
 
Solar/Kennedy
Prices/wages
 
new British prices
 
Greg Clark (back to 13thC)
Output 
 
economic growth
 
Broadberry et al
‘Property’
 
counting legislation
 
Bogart & Richardson (enclosures,
  
(
British Parl. Papers
)
 
roads, estates, drainage, canals)
Note: Vol. VIII (1914-39) was not designed as a data source, there is instead
H.F. Marks & D.K. Britton, 
A Hundred Years of British Food & Farming: A
Statistical Survey
 (1989)
 
 
9/21/2024
 
9
 
Michael Turner
 
And for non-agricultural sources (simply by knocking on
the doors of local ‘neighbours’ – we can all do that)
Insurance records
   
Robin Pearson
Corporate Governance
   
Pearson, Freeman &Taylor
Slave Trade - Slave Voyages Data
  
Richardson et al (WISE)*
Seasonal Migration - Irish
  
Evans (WISE)*
Diaspora - Irish, Scots, Jewish...
  
Evans (WISE)*
European transmigration thru UK
 
Evans (WISE)*
Fish & Whaling
   
David Starkey (MHSC, HMAP)* (fish
    
species, fishing grounds, ports of landing)
Ship building
    
Starkey, supplementing Mitchell
*Note: WISE is the 
Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery & Emancipation
,
MHSC as before, HMAP is 
History of Marine Animal Populations
 (Hull)
 
9/21/2024
 
10
 
Michael Turner
 
While Agriculture ‘looks’ pretty well covered by Mitchell there
 
is so much more that has been added since it last appeared
BHSP will take the statistical inquiry back to Domesday book
But ‘Agriculture’ is not everything
We all have data – that’s what historians of all descriptions thrive on
Knock on doors and see what our colleagues are doing
Also, while we can plunder official sources
We can also construct new datasets where the official sources are
 
incomplete (before annual auditing kicked in during the 19
th
 
century)
Or where they do not cover the nuances of time and place we can
 
construct afresh............which perhaps is an appropriate
 
message to end with
 
In conclusion
 
9/21/2024
 
11
 
Michael Turner
Slide Note
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Explore the comparison between Mitchell (1988) and Agrarian History of England & Wales regarding agriculture data, identifying overlaps and differences, newer additions, and sources outside agriculture. Michael Turner presents an audit of agriculture data from Mitchell and AHEW, showcasing tables, maps, and graphs for analysis.


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  1. BHSP BRITISH HISTORICAL STATISTICS PROJECT BHSP: Modern Statistics (illustrated mainly through Agriculture) Michael Turner (University of Hull) 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 1

  2. Todays Exercise To review the single sector of Agriculture Comparing Mitchell (1988) with Agrarian History of England & Wales (AHEW) Vol. VII, (2000) To identify some overlaps & differences To indicate what has been added more recently To identify some new sources outside agriculture By knocking on the doors of our colleagues 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 2

  3. An Audit of Agriculture Mitchell in the light of AHEW Vol. VII Source Mitchell AHEW (VII) Dates 1697-1980 1850-1914 Pages 56 (6 script) 382 (65 script) Tables 21 Other 104 32 maps 55 graphs The next 3 slides compare the detail in Mitchell from his 21 tables with the details from AHEW and indicating the differences and some of the latest additions to our knowledge 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 3

  4. Mitchell mid 19th C 1980 1. Crop acres (GB 1867-1980) 2. Crop acres (Ireland 1847-1980) 3. Wheat yields (E&W 1884-1980) yes (better?) TBA (2001)* 4. Production (GB) 5. Production (Ireland) 6. Livestock no (GB) 7. Livestock no (Ireland) 8. Meat prod (UK 1901-80, Rep 1935-80) by animal 1867-1914) carcass wts. *Note: TBA is Turner, Beckett, Afton, Farm Production (CUP, 2001) AHEW c.1850-1914 yes (to 1914) county dist New county dist yes (better?) Paul Brassley yes (UK by value better via better? county dist county dist 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 4

  5. Mitchell mid 19th C 1980 9. Dairy production (1900-) 10. Fish landings 11. Agric Output (1855-1965) 12. Inputs/outputs UK (1867-1980) 13. ditto Ireland 1926-1980 14. No of agric workers (1921-80) by value (via Bellerby) Irish creameries not covered via Bellerby via Bellerby & Phillips on drainage (detail in FML chapter on fertilizer) not covered back to 1851 (based on Booth, Bowley, Taylor, & Armstrong) AHEW c.1850-1914 milk output New milk yields & MHSC (Hull)* Brassley, Feinstein Leigh Shaw-Taylor *Note: MHSC is the Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 5

  6. Mitchell mid 19th C 1980 AHEW c.1850-1914 New 15. Farm Incomes 1855-1980 16. Corn Trade GB (1697-1842) 17. Corn Trade UK (1792-1980) 18. Wheat imports UK (1828-1980) graphically only 19. Meat Imports (1840-1980) 20. Meat & butter exp (Rep 1924-80) not covered 21. Acreage enclosed England via Bellerby (in Vol. VI) more variety/fewer years rent (Clark, TBA) not annually Perren on frozen (Vol. VI omitted) Chapman et al add Wales 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 6

  7. Brief Comparison with Vol. VI 1750-1850 In AHEW Vol. VI, not in Mitchell (or better than in..) Meat prices from Eton, Charterhouse, Smithfield, St Thom. Hospital (via Beveridge) Cheese & butter prices Greenwich Hosp., Navy, Lancs., Cheshire (via Beveridge) Sheep and cattle weights by breed 1750-1850 Better rye, beans, peas prices Regional markets for wheat, barley, oats, beans, peas & rye for up to 100 years 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 7

  8. Continued..... Butter prices, Waterford 1779-1850 Potatoes prices 1771-1853 (Lancaster & Preston) Cider prices 1769-90 (Worcester), grass seed prices (1790-1814) Specialist trade - guano 1840s, clover seed 1750-1850, oil seed cake 1792-1850, hops back to 1750 Agriculturally wages regionally back to 1768 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 8

  9. Unused/Recent/New Datasets (just a flavour) Tithe returns Kain Enclosure Kain/Chapman Rent TBA in AHEW Crop Yields TBA Prices new Irish prices Prices/wages new British prices Output economic growth Property counting legislation Bogart & Richardson (enclosures, (British Parl. Papers) roads, estates, drainage, canals) Note: Vol. VIII (1914-39) was not designed as a data source, there is instead H.F. Marks & D.K. Britton, A Hundred Years of British Food & Farming: A Statistical Survey (1989) Greg Clark, & revised TBA Solar/Kennedy Greg Clark (back to 13thC) Broadberry et al 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 9

  10. And for non-agricultural sources (simply by knocking on the doors of local neighbours we can all do that) Insurance records Corporate Governance Slave Trade - Slave Voyages Data Seasonal Migration - Irish Diaspora - Irish, Scots, Jewish... European transmigration thru UK Fish & Whaling David Starkey (MHSC, HMAP)* (fish species, fishing grounds, ports of landing) Ship building *Note: WISE is the Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery & Emancipation, MHSC as before, HMAP is History of Marine Animal Populations (Hull) Robin Pearson Pearson, Freeman &Taylor Richardson et al (WISE)* Evans (WISE)* Evans (WISE)* Evans (WISE)* Starkey, supplementing Mitchell 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 10

  11. In conclusion While Agriculture looks pretty well covered by Mitchell there is so much more that has been added since it last appeared BHSP will take the statistical inquiry back to Domesday book But Agriculture is not everything We all have data that s what historians of all descriptions thrive on Knock on doors and see what our colleagues are doing Also, while we can plunder official sources We can also construct new datasets where the official sources are incomplete (before annual auditing kicked in during the 19th century) Or where they do not cover the nuances of time and place we can construct afresh............which perhaps is an appropriate message to end with 9/21/2024 Michael Turner 11

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