The European Research Council will revise its panel structure for the 2024 calls to enhance coherence, focus on frontier research, and appreciate interdisciplinarity. The main principles reflect the overarching evaluation policy of the ERC, ensuring a forward-looking approach that evolves with the c

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Explore the impact of China's growth trajectory, the China Shock phenomenon, and its entry into the WTO in 2001. Discover how economic policies and trade reforms contributed to China's export growth and overall economic development.

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The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR) imposes EU State aid rules on foreign vendors in EU Member States, creating disclosure requirements and review processes. This regulation poses administrative burdens and strategic challenges for vendors, particularly impacting EU-based vendors purchasing fr

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Explore the various types and reasons behind export policies, including bans, taxes, and subsidies. Delve into the economic analysis and empirics of export restrictions and recent uses in the global trade landscape. Discover the prevalence of export taxes and their concentration on specific products

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The need for reform in global economic governance is emphasized for achieving sustainable and shared growth. Key issues include debt burden reduction, sustainable finance increase, and international trade system improvement. International commitments on human rights and sustainable development are n

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The WTO Secretariat shared good news on the implementation of Trade Facilitation Agreement commitments by developing members. Significant progress was reported, with several countries achieving full implementation. Additionally, 18 LDC members have provided indicative dates for their commitments ahe

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Update from WTO Secretariat on ratifications, notifications, and deadlines. Information on ratifications and notifications status for various countries and entities, including the European Union. Details on upcoming notification deadlines for LDC members and notification requirements yet to be submi

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization established in 1995 to regulate international trade among nations, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It deals with trade in goods, services, and intellectual property, aiming to create trade agreements

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While developing a suitable capital structure, the financial manager aims to maximize the long-term market price of equity shares. An appropriate capital structure should focus on maximizing returns to shareholders, minimizing financial insolvency risk, maintaining flexibility, ensuring the company

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Asia-Pacific Legal Metrology Forum (APLMF) is focused on supporting the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) goals through the development of legal metrology and promotion of free trade. In 2022, APLMF activities are conducted using the Zoom platform, with a pilot eLearning module for Non-automa

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New Zealand faces challenges in coordinating technical barriers to trade (TBT) obligations due to the absence of a formal structure. This overview highlights the country's regulatory context, population statistics, and strategies for meeting international TBT requirements. The TBT User Guide provide

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Exploring the concept of unfair trade practices, particularly focusing on dumping in international trade, including its definition, calculation methods, and anti-dumping policies. The discussion delves into the legal framework provided by the WTO agreements and the implications of dumping on domesti

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Explore the intricacies of General Exceptions under the GATT framework, focusing on purpose, applicability, and relevant legal provisions. Delve into the two-tier test applied in WTO case law and the burden of proof considerations, with a specific case study on US Shrimp. Understand the nuances of A

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GJEPC's latest update reveals a 1.80% increase in gem and jewellery exports to US$26.47 billion from April to November 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. The report also highlights positive growth in exports of polished lab-grown diamonds, coloured gemstones, and various jewellery types, with

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This material delves into the overlapping realms of investment arbitration, trade law, and European human rights law in investor-state disputes. It examines the use of ECtHR and WTO references in arbitration rulings, the nuances of citation choices, the appeal of juridical rulings, and the comparati

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Efforts to align WTO rules with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have met limited success, with key issues like plastic pollution and clean energy facing disputes and challenges. The rise of China's New Three exports in clean energy has sparked tariff disputes. The role of the WTO Appellate Body

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This comprehensive analysis explores the impact of Local Content Requirements (LCRs) in the oil and gas sectors, focusing on models from Norway and Brazil. It discusses relevant WTO disputes, legislative policies, macroeconomic implications, and the inhibitory effects on competitiveness and foreign

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The WTO TBT Agreement's Articles 2.1 and 2.12 focus on ensuring non-discriminatory treatment for imported products compared to domestic and other countries' products. Article 2.1 emphasizes the concept of "like products" and examines competitive relationships between them to determine if they receiv

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The Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement under WTO law addresses regulatory divergence costs on trade, covering information, specification, and conformity assessment for products and processes. It aims to harmonize technical regulations and standards while ensuring compliance without discrimi

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The Essential Commodities Regulation and Enforcement Division oversees the administration of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, and the Prevention of Black Marketing and Maintenance of Supply of Essential Commodities Act, 1980. The Acts aim to ensure the availability of essential commodities at fa

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Unfair trade practices (UTP) encompass fraudulent, deceptive, or dishonest practices that are prohibited by law. The WTO provides remedies against UTP, allowing governments to address genuine harm to domestic industries. Kenya has taken steps to combat UTP by enacting the Trade Remedies Act and esta

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Understanding the significance of non-tariff barriers to trade in Central Asia, this presentation by Jonathon Hornbrook discusses the impact of Russia's WTO membership, WTO policies, and the challenges faced due to NTBs, EDB trade, TBTs, and NQI issues in the region. It highlights the importance of

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Discussion on the importance of international cooperation in implementing carbon border adjustment mechanisms to address embedded emissions in global trade and promote sustainable development. The presentation highlights the need for multilateral collaboration, the role of WTO in climate and trade r

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This presentation by Jayant Dasgupta, Executive Partner, discusses WTO-compliant schemes in the textiles sector, covering definitions of subsidies, permissible subsidies, prohibited subsidies, and the phase-out of export subsidies by developing countries. It also addresses the current status of Indi

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Explore the key concepts of tariffs, anti-dumping duties, and barriers to digital trade in this presentation by Craig R. Parsons from Yokohama National University. Learn about the types of tariffs, the role of the WTO, and how countries can impose trade barriers. Discover the impact on service expor

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The Trade Board Limited, a government agency, plays a crucial role in issuing Certificates of Origin and import/export licenses for Jamaican products. They ensure compliance with trade agreements, facilitate e-transactions, and promote secure frameworks. The mission is to enhance local and internati

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Explore the post-MC13 negotiation backdrop, challenges, and future developments in the WTO dispute settlement system. Delve into the historical progression of international adjudication, from consent to quasi-judicial processes, highlighting the potential for progress and the common challenges faced

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Explore the evolution of China's economy from its period of isolation to becoming a pivotal player in the global trading system. Delve into key events such as Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms and China's admission to the GATT/WTO. Understand the significance of the GATT system and how it shaped inte

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Unresolved issues in WTO law regarding climate change regulation include concerns about the consistency of climate measures, environmental subsidies, processing methods, and technical barriers to trade. Emerging climate change policies raise two main WTO concerns: subsidies discrimination and differ

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Explore the types of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) and Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) such as quotas, Tariff-Rate Quotas (TRQs), Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs), and more. Learn about Administered Protection, Safeguards tariffs, Anti-dumping duties, Countervailing duties, and their implications on trade

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This legal assessment explores the feasibility of implementing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism under WTO agreements, focusing on topics such as adjustment on imports, rebates for exports, national treatment, non-discrimination, and environmental justifications. The analysis considers the potent

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DNA is a double helical structure made of 2 antiparallel polynucleotide chains with nucleotide monomers. The structure contains deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases (purines and pyrimidines). Hydrogen bonds between base pairs stabilize the structure. Denaturation can occur due

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Accurate prediction of protein secondary structure is crucial for understanding tertiary structure, predicting protein function, and classification. This prediction involves identifying key elements like alpha helices, beta sheets, turns, and loops. Various methods such as manual assignment by cryst

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To understand proteins' final shape and function, one must grasp the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure levels. Proteins, composed of amino acids, fold into various shapes crucial for their roles such as signaling, catalysis, and structure. The primary structure represents the am

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Examining the impact of mega-regionals like TTIP and TPP on global trade dynamics, focusing on regulatory agendas, outcomes scenarios, and strategic challenges for developing countries. The growth of regionalism in contrast to the WTO's stasis, the significance of systemically important trade agreem

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The text explores the influence of politics on the GATT/WTO and the rise of mega-regionals, highlighting the shift towards regulatory trade policies. It delves into the origins of multilateralism, non-discrimination principles, and challenges in negotiating regional agreements within the GATT framew

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Understand the Chinese regulations governing education export, including international agreements, domestic laws, and WTO commitments. Learn about key regulations, international organizations' impact, and China's stance on education services within the WTO framework.

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The international trade landscape is facing disarray with challenges such as macro-economic policies failing to stimulate economies, US-China tensions, erosion of WTO effectiveness, recent trade arrangements raising concerns, and disruptions like African Swine Fever impacting the protein market in E

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This presentation delves into the intricacies of regional integration in the context of WTO law, exploring legal provisions such as Article XXIV of GATT 1994 and relevant case law. It examines exceptions, waivers, and derogations related to regional integration, along with the Regional Trade Excepti

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IMTS provides key recommendations for valuing goods in international trade, emphasizing the adoption of the WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation. The use of FOB and CIF valuation methods, along with specific guidelines for special categories of goods, ensures a standardized basis for valuation that is

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