Gynecologic cancer starts in a woman\u2019s reproductive organs. Five main types of cancer that affect a woman\u2019s reproductive organs are cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, and vulvar. As a group, they are referred to as gynecologic cancer. Each cancer is different and requires special treatme

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Wolfram Syndrome, also known as DIDMOAD, is a rare genetic disorder affecting about 1 in 160,000-770,000 people worldwide. It is characterized by the presence of Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy, and Deafness. The primary genetic mutation in the WFS1 gene leads to various symptom

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Understanding the mortality burden related to caesarean deliveries (CD) in South Africa, this report highlights the need for safe CD practices amidst high maternal death rates. Factors influencing safe CD, checklists for accreditation, and strategies for action plans are discussed. The Case Fatality

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Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, shows promising effects on physical function, body composition, and aging biomarkers in older adults with diabetes. Studies suggest potential neuroprotective effects, improvement in skeletal muscle atrophy, and reduction in pro-inflammatory markers. Diabetes pr

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Atrophic rhinitis is a progressive chronic condition characterized by the atrophy of nasal mucosa and turbinates. It predominantly affects young to middle-aged adults, with females being more prone. Commonly isolated bacteria include Klebsiella ozaenae and others. The pathophysiology involves metapl

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Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) is a condition resulting from retrogeniculate brain damage that affects visual processing in infants. Commonly observed in premature infants, CVI can manifest as atypical behaviors like staring at lights, optic atrophy, and nystagmus. The causes range from structural

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HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) is a crucial emergency medical response for individuals exposed to HIV, aiming to prevent infection. It involves a regimen of medications, tests, and counseling services initiated within 72 hours of exposure. HIV transmission occurs through body fluids like blood,

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Dr. Khalid Akkour, Assistant Professor of Gynecologic Oncology at King Saud University Medical City, provides insights on uterine cancer and postmenopausal bleeding. The structured OSCE discusses important aspects such as taking a focused history, age, ethnicity, past gynecologic and obstetric histo

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Gestational trophoblastic disease encompasses hydatidiform mole, invasive mole, and choriocarcinoma. This condition involves abnormal fertilization of the oocyte, resulting in various presentations including abnormal growth of the uterus, severe nausea, vaginal bleeding, and symptoms resembling hype

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Suppositories are solid dosage forms designed for insertion into vaginal or rectal cavities. They can melt, soften, or dissolve to provide localized or systemic effects. Learn about the types of suppository bases, preparation methods, mold calibration, and displacement value calculation in supposito

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The Health Protection Surveillance Centre in Ireland reported an increasing trend in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in 2018. The notification rate per 100,000 population showed rises in various STIs, with particular prevalence among young people aged 15-24 years. Chlamydia, herpes simplex, a

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This case study delves into the management of intrauterine fetal demise in a 41-year-old gravida with a history of minimal prenatal care. The patient presented with crowning and underwent a spontaneous vaginal delivery of a non-viable fetus, followed by post-delivery complications and interventions.

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This informative content illustrates various equipment used for castration and testectomy in food animals. It includes tools like scalpel, castration knife, emasculator, and emasculatome, each serving different purposes in the procedure. The use of these tools ensures efficient and bloodless castrat

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This collection encompasses various CRFs related to laboratory procedures in the context of Pharmacokinetics for a study. It includes forms for enrollment, specimen storage, safety laboratory results, and specific days for sample collection. The CRFs detail the storage, collection, and documentation

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The follow-up behavioral assessment training focuses on reviewing forms related to behavior assessment, vaginal practices, social influences, and social benefits. Discussions include questions about intimate partner violence, social benefits of study participation, and preferences in HIV prevention

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This course covers operative deliveries including forceps and vacuum extraction, indications for caesarean section, and complications of instrumental delivery. It discusses maternal and fetal indications, prerequisites for forceps and ventouse, and measures to reduce C-section rates. The content emp

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Assisted vaginal birth using forceps or vacuum extractor is recommended in cases of suspected fetal compromise or maternal exhaustion. Indications include lack of progress during labor, maternal medical conditions, or combined factors. Full abdominal and vaginal examinations are necessary before pre

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Face and brow presentations are rare occurrences in labor, with causes varying from fetal positioning to maternal factors. Diagnosis involves abdominal and vaginal examinations, with management strategies including cesarean section in certain cases. Understanding the mechanisms and diagnosis of thes

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Occipito-posterior position refers to the fetal head being directed towards the back of the pelvis. This positioning can occur to the right (ROP) or left (LOP) side. It occurs in 13% of vertex presentations and may be caused by factors like pendulous abdomen, pelvic brim shape, or sacral alignment.

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Dental implants are artificial roots made of titanium, serving as permanent solutions to replace missing teeth. They prevent bone atrophy, preserve natural teeth, and maintain oral integrity. The procedure involves placing the implant in the jawbone, allowing for osseous fusion before final crown pl

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Understanding the management of normal labor is crucial for healthcare professionals. This comprehensive guide covers the definition of normal vaginal delivery, diagnosis of labor, stages of labor, phases of labor, and the use of tools like partogram and cardiotocography to monitor progress. Profess

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Induction of labor is done to achieve vaginal delivery before spontaneous onset, usually at 39 weeks or when medically necessary. Risks include failed induction, cesarean section, uterine rupture, prolonged labor, and infections. Cervical ripening methods help prepare the cervix for labor. The Bisho

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Spiritual atrophy, as described in 1 Timothy 4:7-8, emphasizes the importance of prioritizing godliness over physical training. The signs and symptoms of spiritual atrophy include a lack of concern for God, people, His Word, and doing His work. The treatment involves reading and meditating on God's

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Women's presentations at STI clinics can be either physiological or pathological, often associated with common STIs. The physiology of the vulvovaginal area serves as the first line of defense against infections, and the maintenance of a healthy microbiota plays a crucial role in vulvovaginal health

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This informative content discusses different methods of semen collection in animals, including vaginal methods, massage techniques in large animals, urethral fistula method, and the use of artificial vagina. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, aiming to facilitate the collection of hig

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This content covers complications in gynecological surgery, historical perspectives on prolapse and incontinence surgery, treatment methods like weight reduction, pelvic floor training, medication, injections, and surgeries like Burchplasty and Tension-free Vaginal Tape (TVT). It also discusses a mu

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Mutations in coenzyme binding sites can lead to diseases by impacting enzyme affinity and reaction rates. Defects in proteins like ornithine aminotransferase and cystathionine-synthase result in conditions such as gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina, homocystinuria, and X-linked sideroblastic a

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Orthoses are mechanical devices used to support, stabilize, and protect various body parts. They can be categorized into different types such as cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbosacral, lumbosacral, and sacroiliac orthoses. Indications for spinal orthotics include stabilizing the spine after a

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Amenorrhea, the absence of menstruation, is classified into primary and secondary types. Primary amenorrhea refers to the failure of menarche to occur by a certain age, while secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age for three or more months. The condition can

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This informative content discusses the syndromic approach to managing inguinal bubo, genital ulcers, urethral discharge, scrotal swelling, vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, and neonatal conjunctivitis. It includes recommended treatment regimens for lower abdominal pain and emphasizes the impo

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Apoptosis, a programmed cell death process occurring in multicellular organisms, involves characteristic cellular changes leading to cell death. Approximately 50-70 billion cells die daily through apoptosis in humans, serving vital roles like embryo development. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis is a regul

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The article discusses the various symptoms associated with the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM) such as decreased vaginal moisture, urinary frequency, and sexual difficulties. It highlights the prevalence of these symptoms in women and the barriers to seeking treatment, including discomfort

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The elbow joint is a true diathrodial joint formed by the articulation of various structures. Disorders such as elbow luxation, un-united anconeal process, and fragmented coronoid process can lead to lameness and other clinical signs in animals. Causes include osteochondritis dissecans and trauma, w

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The Burdizzo clamp castration procedure involves crushing the spermatic cord to achieve atrophy of the testicles. This method is bloodless, but slow and requires expertise. Proper pain management, including local anesthesia and NSAIDs, is crucial. Regular monitoring and skilled application are neces

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Operative vaginal deliveries involve using instruments like forceps or vacuum for delivery, with indications including maternal/fetal distress. Pre-requisites for forceps/ventouse include full cervical dilation. Caesarean sections have a 25% rate with potential complications. Various methods are use

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Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) encompasses urovaginal symptoms associated with hormonal changes during menopause. Symptoms include vaginal dryness, burning, itching, dyspareunia, urinary urgency, and more. Thin, pale epithelium and tissue changes are common. Management involves various tr

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Evaluating the safety and efficacy of Dynamic Quadripolar Radiofrequency treatment for Vulvo-vaginal Atrophy (VVA) in postmenopausal women who cannot or prefer not to use hormone therapy. The study compares treatment outcomes of radiofrequency therapy with a control group using pH cream, focusing on

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This content provides information on various veterinary instruments used for treating prolapse in animals, including umbilical tape with Buhner needle for suturing, vulva suture pins for retaining uterine or vaginal prolapse, and an ewe prolapse retainer. The accompanying images illustrate the tools

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Explore the historical evolution of Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) and Trial of Labor After Cesarean (TOLAC), including counseling patients on risks and success rates, labor management, complications, and strategies to prevent the need for a TOL. Delve into key milestones from ACOG encouraging

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Detailed instructions and images depicting the methodology for performing closed and semi-closed castrations in animals under general anesthesia. The closed technique involves incising the scrotum and ligating the spermatic cord, while the semi-closed method involves extruding the testicle and ligat

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