Structural divisions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, learn about neuron anatomy, the neuromuscular junction, and the role of neurotransmitters. Includes information on Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, and Serotonin.

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Graded dose-response relationships in pharmacodynamics involve how drug effects depend on concentrations at receptor sites. The potency and efficacy of drugs can be determined through these relationships. Potency refers to the amount of drug needed for a specific effect, while efficacy relates to th

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Adrenergic agents play a crucial role in pharmacology by influencing the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors. These agents, such as sympathomimetics and sympatholytics, impact essential functions like cardiac activity, blood vessel dilation, and insulin release. Adrenergic neurot

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The nervous system comprises the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), with the PNS further divided into the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). The SNS controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, while the ANS regulates involuntary proc

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Analgesic agents play a crucial role in managing pain, ranging from mild to severe, with different categories such as opioids, NSAIDs, and triptans. The origin of pain can vary from physiological to neuropathic causes. Opioids target opioid receptors, with discoveries in endogenous ligands like enke

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Explore the intricate workings of the pituitary gland in endocrinology, delving into hypo- and hyperfunction aspects, hormonal regulation, and physiological characteristics. Learn about the crucial role of hormones, their actions on target organs, and the specificity of their interactions with cellu

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Explore the classification, mechanism of action, and pharmacological effects of indirect-acting cholinergic drugs such as anticholinesterases. Learn about the importance, main uses, adverse effects, and contraindications of these drugs. Discover how anticholinesterases increase acetylcholine concent

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Antipsychotic drugs, also known as neuroleptics, are essential in treating schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. They work by targeting dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain, managing symptoms like hallucinations and delusions. Learn about the dopamine-serotonin hypothesis of schizoph

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Histamine is a vital autacoid synthesized and stored in mast cells, playing a key role in various physiological processes and allergic reactions. This article delves into its synthesis, storage, release, and receptors like H1, H2, and H3, along with the pharmacology of antihistamines. Explore the in

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Explore the intricate processes of synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters, spatial summation, temporal summation, chemical substances acting as neurotransmitters, and the effects of various factors and drugs on synapse function. Delve into the clinical significance of sedative-hypnotic drugs and t

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Chemical mediators of inflammation act on blood vessels and cells to contribute to an inflammatory response. These mediators include vasoactive amines like histamine and serotonin, plasma proteases such as the complement, kinin, and clotting systems, and important inflammatory mediators like C3a and

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Explore the impact of MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy, on the body, particularly its effect on serotonin pathways in the brain. Learn about the immediate and long-term effects of MDMA and how it alters serotonin function. Discover the workings of serotonin at the synapse and how MDMA influences this

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Depression, a common mood disorder affecting millions, is characterized by neurochemical imbalances. Various forms of depression exist, ranging from mild to severe and even psychotic. Symptoms include loss of interest, feelings of worthlessness, and recurrent thoughts of death. Treatment involves in

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Learn about the types, locations, and actions of cholinergic receptors, the mechanism of action of direct-acting cholinomimetics, pharmacokinetics of cholinergic drugs, and the pharmacological actions and uses of cholinomimetics. Explore the roles of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the nervous

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Explore the essentials of emergency psychiatry through insights into psychiatric emergencies, including neuroleptic malignant syndrome and serotonin syndrome, as well as emergencies of suicidality. Learn about assessment tools and resources for managing behavioral health crises effectively.

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OCD is a mental health condition characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. Common obsessions include fears of harm, contamination, and the need for order, while compulsions involve repetitive actions like cleaning, checking, and ordering. The cycle of OCD perpetuates these behavi

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This information delves into the intricate pathways of proprioception, focusing on the somatotopic organization of ascending sensory pathways, types of receptors involved, dorsal column tracts like gracilus and cuneatus, spinocerebellar tracts, and the role of the cerebral cortex in perceiving propr

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Cells communicate through extracellular signalling molecules that bind to specific receptors on target cells, leading to changes in cellular behavior. Hormones such as steroid and peptide hormones, neurotransmitters like nor-adrenaline and acetylcholine, play crucial roles in cell signaling. Recepto

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Yoga, an ancient Indian science, explores the connection between mind and body. It promotes well-being by relieving stress, anxiety, and depression, improving sleep quality, and boosting overall quality of life. Through physical exercise, breathing techniques, and meditation, yoga enhances mental en

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This educational material provides an in-depth understanding of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) and Serotonin Syndrome (SS) including their background, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment approaches. It also explores the historical back

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Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are substances produced by various tissues that act locally to regulate the activity of smooth muscles, nerves, platelets, and other tissues. They play a crucial role in pain, inflammation, allergic reactions, and more. Serotonin, a key autacoid, has diverse

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Pharmacodynamics explores how drugs interact with receptors in the body, affecting the magnitude of drug effects based on concentration. Graded dose-response relationships, potency, and efficacy play key roles in determining drug efficiency. Potency reflects the amount of drug needed for a specific

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The regulation of respiration involves sensory and efferent pathways, with afferent pathways comprising stretch receptors, C-fibres, and irritant receptors, while efferent pathways include parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Cough physiology is a protective reflex initiated by various stimuli to

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Taste, also known as gustation, involves taste buds containing taste receptors that pick up sensations like salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami. These taste buds are mostly found on the tongue's papillae, with different types such as circumvallate, fungiform, and filiform papillae. Taste sensation

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The nervous system plays a crucial role in connecting the central nervous system (CNS) to limbs and organs through the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It consists of sensory neurons that transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS, allowing us to perceive and respond to various stimuli. The

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Posture is the maintenance of an upright position against gravity, involving anti-gravity muscles and postural reflexes. It depends on factors like muscletone, pathways in the central nervous system, and sensory receptors. Postural reflexes are crucial for maintaining balance and coordinating moveme

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Explore the potential of using Zofran to address hypotension and bradycardia following subarachnoid block in obstetric patients. The discussion covers physiological effects, reflexes, serotonin receptors, Zofran pharmacology, literature review on its efficacy, dosing recommendations, and concerns ab

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Opioids are essential in treating severe and chronic pain, whether malignant or nonmalignant. They are classified based on chemical structure, aiding in identifying potential cross-sensitivity in patients. Opioid agonists interact with specific receptors in the central nervous system and peripheral

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The content explores the neuromuscular transmission process in frog rectus abdominis, focusing on the release of Ach and its effects on Nm receptors. It also discusses the impact of different drugs on skeletal muscles, both centrally and peripherally acting, including those that act presynaptically

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Explore the power of kindness in boosting well-being, happiness, and positivity. Understand how acts of kindness benefit both recipients and givers, fostering a ripple effect of positivity and improved mental health. Discover the science behind kindness, including the release of oxytocin and seroton

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Platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis and bleeding disorders. This lecture by Dr. Mohammed Alotaibi covers the ultrastructure of platelets, functions of organelles and surface receptors, mechanisms of platelet functions, and the relationship of membrane receptors and granule content in normal

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Antipsychotic drugs play a vital role in managing psychotic disorders by targeting dopamine and serotonin receptors. This overview covers the mechanism of action, classification (typical vs. atypical), side effects, and therapeutic efficacy of antipsychotic medications. It also delves into the mood-

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Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRNT) is a targeted approach using radiopharmaceuticals to deliver radiation to neuroendocrine tumors expressing specific receptors. This therapy, involving 90Y-DOTATOC or 177Lu-DOTATATE, has shown promising results in treating NETs with minimal side effects.

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Explore the world of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism through lectures by Dr. Sumbul Fatma. Discover conditions like Phenylketonuria (PKU), Maple Syrup Urine Disease, Albinism, and more, caused by enzyme deficiencies due to gene mutations. Learn about classical PKU, hyperphenylalaninemia, and

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Depression is a severe mental disorder characterized by persistent low mood, affecting various aspects of a person's life. The causes of depression are diverse, including physical conditions, environmental factors, and genetic predisposition. Recognizing the symptoms is crucial for timely interventi

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TOXICOLOGY research on Nuclear Receptor-Mediated Toxicity by Prof. Zdeněk Dvořák delves into the evidence, molecular properties, structures, and signaling pathways of nuclear receptors such as Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). Detailed information on the impact of AhR-mediated toxicity, including

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Narcotic analgesics, such as opiates and opioids derived from opium, interact with specific opioid receptors in the body to produce analgesic effects. Different opioid receptors have varying effects, with mu (MOP) being a good analgesic but with adverse effects, delta (DOP) and kappa (KOP) have nuan

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Biological factors such as genetics, neurotransmitters, and neuro-biology play significant roles in influencing criminal behavior. Genetics can predispose individuals to antisocial behavior, neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine impact social behavior, and neuro-biological damage can l

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Opioids have a complex history, with substances like opium, morphine, and heroin playing significant roles. The opioid epidemic has highlighted the dangers associated with these drugs, including rising deaths due to fentanyl and synthetic opioids. Questions arise about why the brain has opioid recep

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Tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) are vital cell surface receptors that regulate cellular processes such as growth and differentiation. They function through a mechanism that involves ligand binding, receptor dimerization, autophosphorylation, and signal transduction, leading to various cellular resp

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