Plasmids regulate their copy number to maintain a balance that doesn't burden the host cell. Copy numbers vary based on factors like plasmid size and culture conditions. Plasmids are classified as stringent or relaxed based on replication control. Various systems, including counter-transcribed RNAs

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Cell biology, also known as cytology, explores cells from various perspectives including physiological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects. Modern Cell Biology delves into the mechanisms of metabolism, heredity, and evolution at the molecular level, involving proteins, RNAs, and DNA. The compar

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Proteins play a crucial role in various body structures and functions. The process of translation, as per the central dogma, involves converting genetic information from DNA to functional proteins through transcription and translation. This process includes initiation, elongation, and termination st

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DNA, the hereditary basis of life, was first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869. It consists of chromosomes, plasmids, and organellar DNA, collectively known as the genome. Genes, sequences of DNA, encode proteins and RNA, essential for an organism's functions. The genome is divided into chrom

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DNA transcription is the process where DNA is used as a template to create mRNA in the nucleus. This mRNA is complementary to the DNA and goes through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. RNA polymerases are essential for this process in eukaryotes. Various RNA polymerases have specific f

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