Metabolic bone disease
Understand the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, common disturbances, and nutrient requirements in preterm infants. Learn why metabolic bone disease is important and its long-term effects on bone health.
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WHO Guideline: Prevention & Management of Malnutrition in Infants & Children
Key insights from WHO's guideline on managing wasting and malnutrition in children under 5. Covers assessment, care for infants and mothers, and treatment strategies for different malnutrition levels
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Early Intervention Approaches and Research Findings
Explore various approaches and techniques for early intervention, focusing on settings, delivery models, stimulation methods, and caregiver involvement. Discover recent studies on infants born during the pandemic and preterm children's outcomes, emphasizing the importance of language, motor, and cog
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Managing Cows Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) in Infants: Weaning and Reintroduction Guidelines
Cows Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA) in infants can present various symptoms and challenges. This guide covers the diagnosis, symptoms, weaning strategies, reintroduction of dairy, alternative products, and meeting nutritional needs. Learn to differentiate between CMPA and lactose intolerance for proper
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Children's and Mothers' Health Trends in Northern Ireland 2021/22
Children's health in Northern Ireland showed various trends in 2021/22, including a high rate of infants born by Caesarean section, percentages of pre-term births, multiple births, infants breastfed, low and high birth weights, and overweight and obese children. Mothers' summary in 2020/21 indicated
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Newborn Screening Market Share to be Worth $2.69 Billion by 2031
Newborn screening is a screening program for infants under which pre-symptomatic congenital conditions are detected so that treatment can be commenced as soon as possible to prevent or reduce the long-term consequences of the disease. These programs are usually run by the national or state governing
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Spectacle Prescribing Guidelines for Infants and Children
This paper explores guidelines for prescribing spectacles to infants and children, focusing on considerations such as refractive errors, normal visual development, and the impact of spectacles on visual function and emmetropisation. It discusses refractive errors and astigmatism prevalence from birt
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Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents
This content provides a comprehensive guide for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents based on Bright Futures guidelines. It includes priorities and screening tables for various visits from newborn to 9 months, offering valuable insights into the developmental stages and health mo
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Managing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Infants and Children
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a significant concern in pediatric patients due to their increased risk compared to adults. This presentation by Dr. Jeannette Kierce covers the pathophysiology, risk factors, prophylaxis, and rescue treatments for PONV in infants and children, emphasizing
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Understanding Hypotonia in Infants: Causes, Evaluation, and Management
Hypotonia, which is reduced muscle tone, can present challenges in infants affecting their motor skills and posture. This article explores the definitions, physiology, differences in central and peripheral causes, evaluation methods, and management options for hypotonia. It discusses relevant termin
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Preoperative Fasting in Infants and Children: Guidelines and History
Explore the evolution and rationale behind preoperative fasting guidelines in infants and children, including historical cases of aspiration during anesthesia. Learn about Mendelson Syndrome, recommendations for aspiration prevention, and the development of NPO orders over the years. Discover the im
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Understanding Cortical Visual Impairment in Infants
Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) is a condition resulting from retrogeniculate brain damage that affects visual processing in infants. Commonly observed in premature infants, CVI can manifest as atypical behaviors like staring at lights, optic atrophy, and nystagmus. The causes range from structural
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Quality Improvement Toolkit for Improving Normothermia in Very Preterm Infants
This resource provides a comprehensive toolkit developed by the British Association of Perinatal Medicine in collaboration with the National Neonatal Audit Programme to assist clinicians in neonatal units in delivering normothermia to very preterm infants. It includes evidence-based interventions, d
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Understanding Preterm Labor and Its Impact on Infant Health
Preterm labor, defined as the delivery of an infant before 37 weeks of gestation, presents risks such as incomplete organ system development and increased infant mortality rates. Unnecessary obstetrical interventions before 38-39 weeks should be avoided. The trends in preterm birth rates reveal disp
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Anesthetic Considerations for Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonates
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal emergency in neonates, especially those with very low birth weight. Mortality rates are high, and early diagnosis is crucial. Key features, pathophysiology, implications for anesthetic preparation, and diagnostic considerations are discus
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Improving Buccal Colostrum Provision for Preterm Babies in NICU
Early administration of buccal colostrum to preterm babies in the NICU has shown positive outcomes such as improved gut development, reduced infection rates, and enhanced breastfeeding rates. A Quality Improvement program at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital aimed to provide buccal colostrum within 6 hou
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Detection of Low-Grade Hemorrhages in Preterm Infants: Ultrasounds vs. MRIs
This study compares the effectiveness of head ultrasounds and brain MRIs in detecting low-grade hemorrhages in preterm infants. It discusses the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very low birth weight infants, classification of IVH, risk factors for IVH, outcomes related to IVH grade
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Clinical Diagnosis and Assessment of Pre-Labour Rupture of the Membranes
Pre-Labour Rupture of the Membranes (RROM) is characterized by the leakage of amniotic fluid before the onset of labor, particularly when the gestational age is less than 37 weeks. Clinical diagnosis involves a thorough history evaluation and examination, including sterile speculum examination to co
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Understanding Preterm Delivery: Causes, Complications, and Evaluation
Preterm delivery, defined as labor prior to 37 weeks of gestation, affects approximately 12% of pregnancies worldwide, with almost 30% of these deliveries occurring before 34 weeks. The etiology of preterm birth can vary from maternal factors such as PROM to fetal anomalies and multiple gestations.
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The Fascinating Journey of Language Acquisition in Children
At birth, infants cannot comprehend or produce speech, but by the age of 4, they have acquired vocabulary and grammatical rules to form various sentence structures. From vocalization to babbling and then to speech, infants progress through distinct stages in language development. Understanding how i
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Understanding Cesarean Section and Preterm Labor Risks
Cesarean section (C/S) is a delivery method for various fetal and maternal indications, while preterm labor poses risks like twin pregnancy, uterine abnormalities, and infections. Complications of C-sections and signs of preterm labor are discussed, highlighting the importance of early recognition a
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Feeding Practices for LBW Infants in LMICs
Improved survival rates of small babies highlight the importance of nutrition for LBW infants. Research into feeding practices in LMICs is crucial for promoting growth and development. Studies compare formula milk to human milk, exploring effects on growth, development, morbidity, and mortality. Evi
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Importance of Feeding Infants with Breast Milk and Iron-Fortified Formula
Breast milk and iron-fortified infant formula are recommended for infants to meet their nutritional needs and support optimal development. Breast milk offers numerous health benefits, protecting infants from illnesses and reducing the risk of obesity. Iron-fortified formula is a suitable alternative
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Safeguarding Infants from Emotional Maltreatment: What Works?
Safeguarding infants from emotional maltreatment is crucial during the first two years of life. Emotional abuse, though not always accompanied by physical or sexual abuse, can have severe impacts on a child's development. The paper explores the structure, prevalence, and impact of emotional abuse on
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Understanding the Coding Guidelines for Preterm Newborns with Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
Explore the guidelines for coding preterm newborns who are small for gestational age, including birth weight considerations and criteria for assigning appropriate ICD-10 codes. Gain insights into differentiating SGA from low birth weight and effectively documenting neonatal cases.
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Understanding Preterm Birth: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management
Preterm birth, occurring before 37 weeks of gestation, is a significant concern in obstetrics due to its association with perinatal mortality and morbidity. This article delves into the definition, incidence, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of preterm labor, providing insights on a
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High-Risk Newborn Nursing Care and Factors
Maternal and neonatal nursing specialties focus on providing care for high-risk newborns and their families, who face conditions endangering the neonate's survival. Factors contributing to high-risk newborns include high-risk pregnancies, maternal medical illnesses like diabetes, labor complications
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Newborn Care Curriculum for Late Preterm Infants in Level II NICU
This curriculum module focuses on the care of late preterm infants in Level II NICU settings, covering topics such as respiratory management, feeding difficulties, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, sepsis, hyperbilirubinemia, and discharge planning. It includes learning objectives, nursery care levels, phy
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Nutritional Requirements for Infants, Breastfeeding, and Pregnancy
Breast milk powder provides adequate protein for infants, while cow and human milk have varying qualities. Essential fatty acids are crucial for skin integrity and growth, and infants may need iron supplementation if formula-fed. Pregnancy nutrition is vital for fetal development, with deficiencies
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Paediatric Anaesthesia Case Discussion: Challenges of Anaesthetizing an Infant with Pierre Robin Syndrome
Pierre Robin Syndrome (PRS) presents challenges in paediatric anaesthesia, especially in infants undergoing procedures like cleft lip repair. PRS is characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis, and respiratory distress. Other syndromes associated with cleft lip include Treacher Collins syndrome, Gol
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Comprehensive Primary Care Guidelines for NICU Graduates
This guide outlines the essential aspects of primary care for preterm infants discharged from the NICU. It covers key topics such as initial visit assessments, follow-up visits, screening protocols, and ongoing management strategies. Emphasis is placed on continuity of care, monitoring growth, addre
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Overview of Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Infants
Pulmonary hemorrhage in infants is a severe condition characterized by bloody discharge from the upper respiratory tract or endotracheal tube, often associated with prematurity, lung complications, infections, or trauma. The etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of pulmon
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The Importance of Breastfeeding for Infants and Mothers
Breastfeeding is crucial for infants as it provides over 200 components essential for growth and development. It offers numerous health benefits, helps in postpartum recovery, reduces the risk of various diseases, and promotes bonding between mother and child. For mothers, breastfeeding aids in weig
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Comprehensive Care for HIV-Exposed Infants Training Curriculum
Explore the comprehensive care training curriculum for healthcare providers focusing on key components of caring for HIV-exposed infants. Learn about administering ARV prophylaxis, recognizing HIV infection symptoms, and ensuring maternal health. Discover initiatives to expand and improve HIV testin
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Nutritional Treatment Guidelines for Infants Less Than 6 Months
This content provides valuable information on the nutritional treatment of infants less than 6 months old, focusing on the preference order of milks for treatment, preparation methods, administration guidelines based on weight and treatment stage, considerations for follow-up, and the importance of
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Enhancing Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare Improvements
This initiative aims to improve the safety and outcomes of maternal and neonatal care in England by reducing unwarranted variations, providing high-quality healthcare experiences, and enhancing systems and processes for better care. Key focuses include promoting smoke-free pregnancies, optimizing ca
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Language Development in Infants: Insights from Dr. Daniel Messinger, PhD
Dr. Daniel Messinger, PhD, discusses the early language development of infants, highlighting their ability to perceive phonetic differences and the influence of linguistic environments. The development process involves permanent changes, including speech categorization by 8 months congruent with the
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Neonatal Nutrition: Growth, Nutritional Support, and Management Phases
Neonatal nutrition, specifically focusing on growth faltering and early nutritional support, is crucial for the well-being of premature infants. Understanding growth rates and providing appropriate nutrients are key goals. Target growth rates and reference growth curves are important considerations.
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Population Pharmacokinetics of Nevirapine in Preterm Infants
Population pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in preterm infants were evaluated to predict the doses needed for treatment. Early antiretroviral treatment recommendations for neonates, challenges with available ARV formulations, and the importance of data to inform nevirapine dosing in preterm infants we
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Neonatal Intensive Care Overview by Dr. Dennis C. Stevens, MD
Neonatal Intensive Care (NICU) involves specialized care for preterm and full-term newborn infants with various medical conditions, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Dr. Dennis C. Stevens, a renowned Pediatrician and Neonatologist, highlights the challenges and importance of NICU care, emphasi
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