Guidelines of renal biopsy, types of acute kidney injury, clinical manifestations, and pathological findings in this comprehensive lecture. Explore the normal anatomy and histology of the kidney, terminology, etiology, pathophysiology, and more.

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Coronary heart disease, including its introduction, pathophysiology, types, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management, and risk factors. It also discusses the epidemiology and complications associated with the disease.

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The different types of tuberculosis, its clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and how it spreads. Discover the signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods, and available treatment options for tuberculosis.

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The Pennsylvania Emergency Health Services Council is promoting syringe-based EPINEPHrine administration for EMTs as a cost-effective and safe alternative to auto-injectors. This initiative aims to educate on anaphylaxis pathophysiology, EPINEPHrine pharmacology, and safe medication practices while

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This educational content covers the basics of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), including definitions, pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, diagnosis, and treatment. Traumatic and non-traumatic risk factors for VTE in orthopedic patients are discussed, emphasiz

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Genetic testing plays a crucial role in identifying inherited kidney diseases, with around 15% of CKD cases having monogenic causes. Despite a high percentage of patients reporting a family history of CKD, Mendelian causes only account for about 10% of adult ESRD cases. Understanding the genetic bas

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Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by variants in the CFTR gene. CFTR is a crucial membrane protein responsible for chloride transport in epithelial cells, impacting organ function. The Modulator Era focuses on CFTR modulators approved by the FDA for treating CF and improving outcomes.

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Previous studies have suggested a potential link between peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and periodontitis. PUD affects the gastrointestinal mucosa, with key risk factors being H. pylori infection and NSAID use, while periodontitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the tissues around teeth. Understand

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Aspirin toxicity, though decreasing in incidence, can still result in severe consequences such as metabolic acidosis, seizure, and even death. This condition is often underestimated due to lack of familiarity with its clinical presentation. Treatment focuses on maintaining salicylate in the ionized

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Atrophic rhinitis is a progressive chronic condition characterized by the atrophy of nasal mucosa and turbinates. It predominantly affects young to middle-aged adults, with females being more prone. Commonly isolated bacteria include Klebsiella ozaenae and others. The pathophysiology involves metapl

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Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a significant concern in pediatric patients due to their increased risk compared to adults. This presentation by Dr. Jeannette Kierce covers the pathophysiology, risk factors, prophylaxis, and rescue treatments for PONV in infants and children, emphasizing

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Epilepsy is a group of disorders characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures are sudden surges of electrical activity in the brain that can cause alterations in sensation, behavior, or consciousness. They can be classified as partial or generalized based on their origin and clinical ma

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Opioid analgesics, such as morphine, act in the central nervous system to relieve pain without affecting consciousness. They differ from non-opioid analgesics like aspirin in terms of CNS depression, pain type targeted, and addiction potential. Pain is a protective mechanism caused by tissue damage

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Dr. Marie Joseph explores the challenges and successes of managing complex pain in cancer patients. The intricacies of neuropathic pain, diagnostic characteristics, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and typical cancer pain syndromes are discussed. Strategies such as co-analgesic adjuvants, analgesic sy

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Alzheimer's disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by memory loss and other cognitive impairments. This article discusses the etiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, along with in-vitro screening models used to test potential drugs, focusing

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) encompass conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema, typically caused by factors like cigarette smoking. This presentation delves into the clinical and functional variances between chronic bronchitis and emphysema in COPD patients, along with an e

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Cortical Visual Impairment (CVI) is a condition resulting from retrogeniculate brain damage that affects visual processing in infants. Commonly observed in premature infants, CVI can manifest as atypical behaviors like staring at lights, optic atrophy, and nystagmus. The causes range from structural

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Alkalosis in cattle, particularly ruminal alkalosis, can be caused by issues such as abomasal atony and alkaline indigestion. Excessive intake of protein-rich feed and changes in diet play a significant role. Pathophysiology involves the accumulation of ruminal ammonia, leading to alkaline pH and ru

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Cerebral edema is a life-threatening condition that can result from various factors such as trauma, infarction, hemorrhages, or tumors. This condition can lead to increased morbidity and mortality due to hemorrhage or herniation. New advances in understanding the pathophysiology of cerebral edema ha

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Gout is a condition caused by the accumulation of urate crystals, leading to inflammation and various symptoms like acute arthritis and joint destruction. This article delves into the pathophysiology of gout, highlighting factors like hyperuricemia and crystal formation. It also discusses pharmacoth

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Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition characterized by systemic and pulmonary congestion due to the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood for the body's metabolism. It is closely linked to age and involves pathophysiology related to preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate. Man

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Dyspnea, or breathing discomfort, is a complex symptom with varying intensities and causes, including lung diseases, cardiac issues, anemia, obesity, and deconditioning. This article explores the definition, pathophysiology, and different approaches to understanding and managing dyspnea, highlightin

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Rickets is a metabolic bone disorder primarily caused by deficiencies in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorus. This leads to softening and weakening of bones, affecting bone growth and remodeling. Genetic, nutritional, and hormonal abnormalities contribute to this condition, impacting young growing ani

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Intestinal obstruction can be classified into dynamic and adynamic types, with various causes such as intraluminal faecal impaction, malignancy, and hernia. The pathophysiology involves changes in bowel peristalsis and dilation, leading to potential strangulation and ischemia. Morbidity and mortalit

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Type 1 diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency, resulting from pancreatic beta cell destruction. It is prone to ketosis with a total deficit of circulating insulin, often due to autoimmune factors. The pathophysiology involves inflammation, immune-mediated cell destruction, and a ch

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Shock, a condition where blood circulation fails to deliver sufficient oxygen, is a common cause of death in surgical patients. Recognizing shock early is crucial to prevent irreversible tissue damage and organ failure. It is vital to understand the various aspects such as etiology, pathophysiology,

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Neonatal seizures are sudden changes in neurologic function of a newborn, involving motor, behavior, and autonomic functions. The pathophysiology includes delays in Na/K ATPase maturation, increased receptor density, and GABAergic transmission. Different types of seizures like subtle, clonic, tonic,

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Diarrhea is a common symptom that can be caused by various factors such as viral, bacterial, parasitic infections, dietary changes, drugs, systemic diseases, and intestinal obstructions. It can lead to dehydration and other serious complications if not treated promptly. The pathophysiology of diarrh

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Burn injuries, such as burns and scalds, are complex inflammatory conditions caused by exposure to heat, chemicals, or electricity. This article delves into the pathophysiology of burn wounds, explaining how tissue damage occurs and the classification of burn depths based on layers of skin affected.

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Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder affecting red blood cells' shape, leading to decreased oxygen delivery and various symptoms like fatigue, pain episodes, and more. The condition arises from a genetic mutation affecting hemoglobin production. Individuals with sickle cell trait may not disp

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal condition with uncertain pathophysiology involving factors like motility, hypersensitivity, inflammation, and gut microflora. Symptoms include abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, and bloating. Diagnosis is based on Rome IV criteria, and m

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This presentation discusses the pathophysiology of hypotension in neonates, the role of vasopressors and sedation in neonates with HIE, and the cardiovascular and pulmonary vascular effects of therapeutic hypothermia. It emphasizes the importance of a pathophysiology-based approach to managing vasop

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Shock, a state of systemic hypotension resulting in impaired tissue perfusion and cellular hypoxia, has various types such as cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic, neurogenic, and anaphylactic shock. Each type has different mechanisms and causes, leading to decreased cardiac output and multiorgan failur

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This comprehensive guide delves into the various aspects of shock, including hypovolemia, pulmonary embolism, and acute myocardial infarction. It covers the general concept of shock, circulatory failure, phases of shock, pathophysiology, manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and complications such

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Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, often caused by conditions like hypertension and coronary artery disease. Factors affecting cardiac output include preload, heart rate, stroke volume, afterload, and contractility. The pa

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Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by narrowing of the mitral valve orifice, leading to decreased blood flow and various complications. Rheumatic fever is a common cause, with thickening and calcification of valve tissue leading to pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. Exp

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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Despite the absence of organic causes, patients experience symptoms such as abdominal distention, bloating, and visceral hypersensitivity. The pathophysiology of IBS

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Primary ovarian insufficiency, also known as hypergonadotropic amenorrhea, is a condition characterized by ovarian dysfunction in women under 40. It involves oligo/amenorrhea, elevated FSH levels, and impacts fertility and overall health. The pathophysiology includes follicle depletion and dysfuncti

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Bladder trauma commonly occurs due to pelvic trauma or surgical interventions, leading to injuries like contusion, intraperitoneal rupture, and extraperitoneal rupture. Dr. Nagwa M. Ahmed presents key elements of bladder trauma, including its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnos

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Burn injuries can result from various causes such as wet heat, dry heat, electricity, chemicals, and radiation. Understanding the classification, pathophysiology, and management of burn injuries is crucial for effective treatment. Different types of burns, including friction burns, are discussed alo

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