Commercial castings are predominantly made from alloys rather than pure metals for better properties and casting ease. Ferrous casting alloys include cast iron and steel, each with unique characteristics and challenges. On the nonferrous side, aluminum, copper alloys, and zinc alloys offer various b

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This study explores the impact of technological shifts in the automotive industry through coefficients modeling, analyzing trends such as energy use, composite materials, digitalization, and autonomous driving. The assessment methodology differentiates between existing and upcoming technological cha

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