Vaping is considered less harmful than smoking, but it still poses risks to health and the environment. While some adults switch to nicotine vapes to quit smoking, vapes are not entirely harmless and can have short-term effects like coughing. Selling vapes to minors is illegal, as nicotine-containin

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Pharmacokinetics, as explained in a lecture by Oula Mohammed Sami, M.B.Ch.B/MSc in clinical pharmacology, delves into how the body processes drugs, contrasting with pharmacodynamics which focuses on drug actions. Key topics covered include properties influencing treatment outcomes, the significance

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Explore the historical roots of pharmacology from ancient civilizations like India, China, and Egypt. Learn about the development and principles of drug activity, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Discover early medicinal practices and the evolution of drug administration. Gain insigh

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This chapter discusses the classification, salient features, and uses of sedatives and hypnotics in veterinary pharmacology. Sedatives subdue excitement and induce calmness without necessarily causing sleep, while hypnotics induce and maintain sleep. Both classes of drugs act as CNS depressants and

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Explore the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system focusing on cholinergic and adrenergic agents. Learn about cholinomimetics, direct and indirect acting cholinergic agonists, their therapeutic indications, and adverse effects. Discover the mechanism of action and uses of nicotinic agonists. D

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This comprehensive set of questions and answers covers topics related to drug excretion and renal pharmacology. It includes information on glomerular filtration, drug excretion mechanisms, dosage adjustments in renal impairment, factors influencing drug excretion, and the effects of long-term NSAID

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Nicotine, a toxic substance found in tobacco plants, has therapeutic uses in treating nicotine dependence. However, exposure to nicotine can lead to toxicity, with symptoms such as Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS). Understanding the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of nicotine is crucial in mana

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Cephalosporins are a group of semisynthetic antibiotics derived from cephalosporin C obtained from a fungus. This chapter covers the introduction, chemistry, properties, solubility, classification, spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, applications, and side effects of cephalosporins. They offe

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Corticosteroids are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, classified into glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have diverse effects on metabolism, immune responses, and inflammation, whereas mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance. Mechanistically, corticosteroi

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Nicotine dependence is a serious issue, but there are effective pharmacotherapies available to help individuals quit smoking. Nicotine, though not a carcinogen itself, is highly addictive and rapidly delivered to the brain through tobacco products. Treatments like pharmacotherapy significantly impro

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Fish pharmacology is crucial for treating fish diseases effectively using drugs. Factors like water quality, pathogens, mortality rate, legal aspects, and economics need consideration. Different routes of drug administration in fish include water medication, immersion or dipping, hyperosmotic infilt

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Smoking and nicotine use during pregnancy pose significant risks, including low birth weight, stillbirth, miscarriage, preterm birth, heart defects, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Nicotine Replacement Therapy is licensed for pregnant women but lacks evidence of effectiveness in smoking cessation

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Neurohumoural transmission in the field of veterinary pharmacology involves the communication of nerve messages through the release of chemical messengers. This process includes axonal conduction and junctional transmission. The historical aspects of neurohumoural transmission highlight key discover

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Cholinergic neurons play a vital role in neurotransmission by utilizing acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter. This neurotransmission involves steps like synthesis, storage in vesicles, release, receptor binding, degradation, and recycling of choline and acetate. Choline acetyltransferase cataly

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Penicillins, the first beta-lactam drugs discovered by Alexander Fleming, play a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. With a rich history dating back to 1928, these antibiotics revolutionized healthcare during World War II, significantly reducing mortality rates from infectious diseases.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a diverse group of medications with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. They act primarily on peripheral pain mechanisms and have limited CNS effects. NSAIDs have a long history dating back to the use of White Willow bark, and the

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The regulation of respiration involves sensory and efferent pathways, with afferent pathways comprising stretch receptors, C-fibres, and irritant receptors, while efferent pathways include parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. Cough physiology is a protective reflex initiated by various stimuli to

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Understanding the mechanism of ovulation and hormonal regulation is key in classifying drugs used to induce ovulation. This lecture covers the pharmacology of different groups of drugs, their mechanisms of action, administration protocols, indications, efficacy rates, and adverse effects. Antiestrog

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Explore the risks associated with tobacco use disorder, learn about nicotine withdrawal, treatment options, and behavioral modifications for tobacco cessation. Discover the impact of tobacco on various health conditions and ways to break free from the addiction through pharmacotherapy, counseling, a

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A randomized controlled trial led by Dr. Mark J. Eisenberg at McGill University evaluated the efficacy and safety of E-Cigarettes (ECs) for smoking cessation. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of nicotine and non-nicotine ECs with individual counseling against counseling alone. The trial

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This information discusses the importance of reducing nicotine content in tobacco products to lower addiction levels and overall harm. It emphasizes the FDA's comprehensive plan for tobacco and nicotine regulation, aiming to shift users to less harmful alternatives. Immediate reduction in nicotine h

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Dive into the world of the parasympathetic nervous system and cholinergic pharmacology, exploring concepts like cholinomimetics, parasympathomimetics, cholinolytics, and more. Discover how acetylcholine synthesis and degradation play crucial roles in these processes, and learn about different cholin

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ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a vital immunological technique used in detecting antigens or antibodies in samples. This article covers the types of ELISA tests, such as Direct, Indirect, and Sandwich, along with the principles and applications of ELISA in diagnosis. The process involv

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Nicotine is a stimulant and parasympathomimetic alkaloid naturally produced in nightshade family plants. It is used in smoking cessation. Nicotine is a hygroscopic liquid, soluble in various substances, and undergoes conversion processes under specific conditions. It has two enantiomeric forms and i

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Explore a comprehensive webinar series aimed at familiarizing UC Smoke and Tobacco Free Fellows with the current tobacco control and research landscape. Led by expert presenters, topics include nicotine pharmacology, tobacco policies, smoking landscape, and more.

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Explore student experiences in learning tricky concepts in pathology and pharmacology as part of a veterinary medicine program. Discover challenges faced, valuable resources created, and the importance of student perspectives in enhancing learning outcomes.

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Explore the essential aspects of pharmacology and toxicology covered in Investigator Brochures, including nonclinical information, safety pharmacology, general toxicology, genetic toxicology, and more. Learn about the significance of pharmacology in predicting intended and unintended effects, consid

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Developmental pharmacology in children involves unique considerations such as drug metabolism, urine concentration, and muscle relaxant dosing. The field faces challenges with limited drug testing in pediatric populations, emphasizing the importance of age-appropriate pharmacotherapy. Factors like d

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The study of ocular pharmacology involves understanding general pharmacological principles, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. Drugs can be delivered to ocular tissue locally via eye drops, ointments, injections, or systemically through oral or intravenous routes. Factors such as drug concentra

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Vaping and smoking can have severe health consequences beyond just lung and heart issues, including addiction, lung injuries, and even strokes. While quitting smoking may be challenging, exercise can help improve overall health. The prevalence of vaping among teenagers is a growing concern, with man

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The Estonian experience on regulatory and tax policy in tobacco and nicotine products highlights the implementation of strategies such as e-liquid tax breaks and excise duty differentiation based on harm caused. The initiative aims to reduce the black market, make legal products more affordable, and

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The NICE guidelines (NG209) and NHS Long Term Plan emphasize the availability of various interventions to help individuals quit smoking, including behavioral support, medication like varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy, and nicotine-containing e-cigarettes. It is advised to provide clear an

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Understanding the pharmacology of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is crucial as it impacts millions of Americans and poses significant healthcare costs. The complex pathophysiology involves mechanisms like the Frank-Starling mechanism, alterations in myocyte regeneration, neurohumoral s

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Explore the intricate world of ocular pharmacology with Dr. Ajai Agrawal, an Additional Professor at A.I.I.M.S., Rishikesh. The learning objectives cover pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and various routes of drug administration in ocular treatments. Delve into the anatomy of the eye, tear film c

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Uncover the rich history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations to modern times, tracing the origins of medicinal practices and the development of drug-related concepts. Delve into the fundamental areas of pharmacology, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, to understand the mechanism

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A research study conducted by a group of researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi focused on assessing the inhalation risks associated with passive smoking. The study involved surveying 142 individuals who were divided into different groups based on age and exposure levels. Risk analy

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Explore the setup and procedures of a Pharmacology lab focusing on agonists and antagonists potency testing. Learn about equipment, tissue suspension, lab safety, lab plan, and health precautions. Follow instructions for conducting experiments, recording data, and cleaning up. Utilize resources prov

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Nicotine acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, impacting dopamine release and opioid activity. It has a short half-life and is metabolized by the liver. Understanding its sedative effects at high doses and the development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms is crucia

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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacology, focused on ADME processes, play a crucial role in drug development and delivery. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion determine how drugs interact within the body. Absorption involves transfer into the bloodstream, while distribution entails the spre

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This presentation delves into the nuances of psychiatric pharmacology, exploring common psychiatric conditions, historical perspectives on medical treatments, categories of psychiatric medications, and principles of treatment. It also touches on mental illness definitions from DSM-IV-TR and DSM-V, a

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