A 22-year-old female patient with a history of infected endocarditis and recent dental procedure presents with high-grade fever, chills, shortness of breath, and arthralgia. Examination reveals a pan systolic murmur and tachycardia. Echocardiography shows mitral regurgitation with vegetation on the

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This presentation explores the evolution of Trans-Catheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR), highlighting historical milestones, anatomical considerations, the role of Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty, current guidelines, the need for TAVI, and a notable case study by Dr. Cribier. The content discusses t

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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) is a surgical procedure where a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted onto an occluded coronary artery to bypass blockages. This procedure is less common in women compared to men and is typically indicated for severe coronary artery disease. It is

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Workshop on the detection and management of foramen magnum stenosis in individuals with achondroplasia took place on 6th April 2022. The event focused on challenges, screening protocols, intervention indicators, decision-making processes, and management strategies. Key outcomes include reaching an a

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Otitis externa, also known as swimmer's ear, is an inflammation of the external auditory canal. It can be acute or chronic and is common among individuals aged 7-14 years. The main causative organisms include Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Risk factors include swimming in pools, h

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The UK Mini Mitral Trial compares the outcomes of minimally invasive thoracoscopic-guided right minithoracotomy versus conventional sternotomy for mitral valve repair. The trial aims to determine if physical function improvement post-surgery at 12 weeks is superior in the minimally invasive approach

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Normal pregnancy induces significant physiologic changes in the cardiovascular system, which can impact women with pre-existing cardiac diseases. Understanding the New York Heart Association classification scheme is crucial for assessing symptomatology during pregnancy. Rheumatic Heart Disease, part

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Neonatal vomiting can be a concern when presenting with bile-stained or blood-stained vomit, projectile vomiting, or associated with weight loss and failure to grow. Various non-surgical and surgical conditions like Pyloric Stenosis can lead to vomiting in neonates. Common causes include Mid-gut vol

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Stress echocardiography is a valuable tool in diagnosing and managing coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and assessing heart function. This imaging technique helps in detecting flow-limiting stenosis, understanding the ischemic cascade, and evaluating cardiac function during stress. Va

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ACST-2 is a randomized trial comparing carotid artery stenting (CAS) versus carotid artery surgery (CEA) in asymptomatic patients with severe carotid stenosis. The trial, published in The Lancet in August 2021, involved 3625 patients. While surgery has been shown to reduce stroke rates, modern medic

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Chronic primary mitral regurgitation (MR) presents various considerations in evaluating severity, symptoms, left ventricular function, and candidacy for mitral valve repair. The management decision involves assessing imaging findings, LV function, and the impact on mortality and quality of life. Sur

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Among patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor ischemic strokes, adding ticagrelor to aspirin has shown superior efficacy in preventing stroke or death, particularly in those with ipsilateral atherosclerotic stenosis. The THALES trial demonstrated that ticagrelor added to aspirin was m

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This informative content details the histo-anatomy of blood vessels, pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, peripheral ischemia, and carotid artery disease. It covers the definition, risk factors, and processes involved in atherosclerosis, including endothelial cell function, blood flow dynamics, and f

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Spinal canal stenosis is the abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal or intervertebral foramina, leading to compression of nerves and blood vessels. It can result in symptoms such as radiculopathy, claudication, myelopathy, and more. Cervical stenosis presents with arm pain and weakness, while lumbar

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Investigating the long-term effects of two transcatheter aortic valve systems in patients with severe aortic stenosis, this study follows 739 participants over a 3-year period. The trial compares the ACURATE neo and SAPIEN 3 devices, focusing on early safety and clinical efficacy at 30 days with fol

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This study presents the echocardiographic outcomes from the COAPT trial focusing on heart failure patients with secondary mitral regurgitation. The trial evaluated the impact of MitraClip therapy in conjunction with guideline-directed medical therapy compared to medical therapy alone. Results showed

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In the SOLVE-TAVI trial, patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation were randomized to receive either self-expandable or balloon-expandable valves under general or local anesthesia. The study aims to compare the effectiveness and safety of different valve types and anesthesia approa

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Native RVOT stenting in TOF+PS patients can be challenging due to anatomical complexities like short infundibulum and VSD. Different equipment and techniques are used for crossing tricuspid and pulmonary valves and delivering the stent. Dilating the pulmonary valve and addressing residual stenosis a

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This detailed lecture covers the basics of normal and abnormal heart sounds, stethoscope placement, cardiac auscultation, and the physiological significance of heart murmurs. It explains the causes, descriptions, and grading of abnormal heart sounds, along with specific conditions like aortic stenos

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The REPRISE II trial extended cohort evaluated the Lotus Valve System's safety and performance in symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis at high risk for surgical valve replacement. This prospective, single-arm study assessed the valve system's effectiveness through various follow-ups and

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View detailed radiology imaging of the esophagus and stomach conducted by Dr. A. Alhawas, showcasing various anatomical structures such as the splenic artery, abdominal aorta, common hepatic artery, and more. Explore pathologically changed layers in pyloric stenosis, arterial blood supply to the pyl

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The workshop focused on understanding challenges and implications of foramen magnum stenosis in individuals with achondroplasia. It aimed to review protocols for screening infants, evaluate intervention indicators, and reach a consensus on optimal detection and decision-making processes for decompre

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Division of Endovascular Interventions at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, treated a 71-year-old female patient with bilateral lower extremity claudication using endovascular procedures. The patient had a history of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and smoking, with peripheral artery disease a

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This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in low-risk patients with bicuspid aortic valve stenosis. TAVR with Evolut valves has shown promising results in tricuspid aortic stenosis, but data on bicuspid cases are lacking. The participating s

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This prospective study examined the clinical outcomes in patients undergoing microsurgery for lumbar disc herniation and spinal stenosis. The study evaluated the effectiveness of surgical intervention using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) questionnaires preoperativ

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Pediatric intestinal obstruction in newborns and older children can result from various conditions such as foregut obstruction, midgut obstruction, and hindgut obstruction. Common causes include esophageal atresia, pyloric stenosis, and Hirschsprung disease. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, i

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Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by narrowing of the mitral valve orifice, leading to decreased blood flow and various complications. Rheumatic fever is a common cause, with thickening and calcification of valve tissue leading to pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. Exp

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Caseous Mitral Valve Calcification (C-MAC) is a rare condition characterized by spectrum liquefaction necrosis of the mitral annular calcification (MAC), potentially leading to cardiovascular complications like strokes and emboli. This article discusses the features, diagnostic aspects, and treatmen

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The SCOPE II randomized clinical trial compared the early and mid-term performance of the ACURATE neo and CoreValve Evolut self-expanding bioprostheses for transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis. The study devices differed in features such as expansion, recapt

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TAVR has shown promising outcomes in tricuspid aortic stenosis but has not been extensively studied in low-risk bicuspid patients. The Low Risk Bicuspid Trial aims to evaluate the procedural and short-term outcomes of TAVR in this patient population through a prospective study involving 25 centers.

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Tiger Stripes Sign, also known as Zebra Stripes Appearance, is a unique Doppler signal observed in cardiac imaging, commonly associated with valvular regurgitation. It is characterized by high-amplitude band-like signals and may indicate complications like flail prosthetic valves. The mechanism behi

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Embryology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract involves the formation of germ layers during gastrulation, leading to the development of endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. By incorporating the yolk sac, the primitive gut tube emerges during weeks 3-4 and is divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, gi

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