The Ginzburg-Landau phenomenological theory explains superconductivity and superfluidity as distinct thermodynamic phases. It focuses on phase transitions characterized by singularities in specific heat at the transition temperature. Derived from BCS theory, it quantifies condensation energy, emphas

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Crystal Field Theory (CFT) explains the colors and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes. It focuses on the energy changes in d-orbitals of metal ions caused by surrounding ligands. This theory, developed in 1929, provides insights into the bonding interactions in complex compounds. The

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The Marxist perspective on human rights emphasizes social rights over individual rights, viewing the full realization of self within society. Marx connects bourgeois society with human rights, highlighting how exploitation under capitalism alienates individuals. In contrast, the Third World perspect

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A.R. Desai, a prominent figure in the field of sociology, made significant contributions to Indian nationalism and the study of society in India. His works focused on topics such as the social background of Indian nationalism, peasant movements, path of development, and Marxist democratic rights. De

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Social Learning Theory, introduced by Bandura, emphasizes learning through observation and modeling. It explores how individuals acquire behavioral dispositions, trial-and-error experiences, and the impact of stimuli in the environment. The theory focuses on the importance of attention, retention, a

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Development of mathematical theories such as model theory, proof theory, set theory, recursion theory, and computational complexity is discussed, starting from historical perspectives with Dedekind and Peano to Godel's theorems, recursion theory's golden age in the 1930s, and advancements in proof t

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Explore the evolution of organizational behavior from early management theories to contemporary practices. Understand the historical foundations and relevance of management theory in shaping workplace dynamics. Delve into key concepts like Scientific Management, Administrative Management, Bureaucrat

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Three core elements - economic planning, autarchy, and building socialism - define India's development pattern focused on self-sufficiency and state ownership of industries. The rationale behind this approach is debated between economic theory influences and Marxist perspectives, reflecting a commit

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Various theories such as Divine Origin, Force Theory, Patriarchal Theory, and others explain the origin of the state. Divine theories attribute state creation to God, while Force Theory emphasizes the strong subjugating the weak to establish authority. Each theory offers unique perspectives on the h

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Forgetting is a complex phenomenon influenced by theories such as Decay Theory, Interference Theory, and Motivated Forgetting. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve highlights how memories fade over time. Decay Theory suggests memories decay over time, while Interference Theory explains how old and new me

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Psychological theories of criminality delve into the association between intelligence, personality, learning, and criminal behavior. Major theories include Psychodynamic Theory by Freud, Behavioral Theory by Bandura, and Cognitive Theory by Kohlberg. These theories explore how unconscious mental pro

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Austin's Theory of Law, presented by Rinkey Sharma, delves into the Imperative Theory of Law as proposed by Austin, known as the father of English jurisprudence. It explores General and Particular Jurisprudence, Austin's definition of law, and the elements of positive law, emphasizing the concepts o

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Manik Bandopadhyay, an eminent Indian writer, delved into the complexities of human psyche and societal issues in his novels and short stories. Influenced by Marxist philosophy and Freudian principles, he portrayed ordinary individuals enduring extraordinary circumstances during the colonial era. Hi

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The field of International Relations (IR) encompasses various theories that seek to explain global phenomena, drawing from disciplines like history, philosophy, and economics. Theory, derived from contemplation and speculation, organizes ideas to explain issues such as state emergence, conflict caus

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This detailed content delves into the Gate Control Theory of Pain, explaining pain pathways involving nociceptors, A-delta fibers, and C fibers. It further explores central pain pathways like the spinothalamic tract, spinomesencephalic tract, and spinoreticular tract. The theory's mechanism of pain

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Animal Farm, written by George Orwell, explores the concept of class struggle through the lens of Marxist ideology. The novel depicts the conflict between the bourgeoisie, represented by characters like Mr. Jones, and the proletariat, symbolized by the other animals on the farm. Through the story of

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Cooperative game theory explores situations where players have mutual benefits in cooperating. The focus is on bargaining solutions to reach agreements despite conflicting interests. Key concepts include Nash Bargaining Solution, Kalai-Smorodinsky Bargaining Solution, and Rubinstein Bargaining Proce

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The theory of firms is explored through the Neoclassical and Modern perspectives. Neoclassical theory focuses on profit maximization, while Modern theory delves into managerial, principal-agent, and transaction cost theories. The discussion covers criticisms of Neoclassical theory and the essential

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Literary criticism involves the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature, focusing on themes, styles, settings, and historical contexts. This discipline explores the meanings, workings, and values of literary works through interpretation, analysis, and evaluation. Various types of literar

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Mechanism of general anaesthesia involves theories focusing on the interaction of anaesthetics with cell membrane components like lipids and proteins. The Lipid Solubility theory emphasizes the importance of an anaesthetic's affinity and solubility in nerve cell membranes, while the Surface Tension

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Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law emphasizes the hierarchy of norms and the normative character of law, free from extra-legal elements. This theory, in contrast to other perspectives like Hart's, aims to maintain the purity of law by isolating strictly legal components. Kelsen's focus on normative behavio

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Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is known for her critical engagement with postcolonial theory and deconstruction, challenging traditional Western perspectives. By drawing on thinkers like Derrida and Foucault, Spivak offers a unique lens to interrogate power dynamics, hegemony, and resistance. Her work r

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George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory explains how individuals perceive and organize their world by formulating and testing hypotheses, just like scientists. These personal constructs shape our unique views of events, influencing how we interpret reality and make decisions. Kelly's theory of cons

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The chapter delves into various theories of motivation, including instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, incentive theory, and cognitive theory, explaining how internal states and external stimuli influence behavior. It also explores biological and social motives such as hunger and the roles of di

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Overview of theories of causation categorized into psychological, social psychological, and sociological perspectives. Psychological theories focus on instinctive, biological, and psychological qualities of abusers, including Attachment Theory, Psychodynamic Theory, Social Learning Theory, and Situa

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Understanding the reasons why certain states are more war-prone than others involves exploring factors such as economy, internal opposition, and political systems. Marxist explanations argue that capitalist economies are more prone to war due to issues like overproduction, wealth inequality, and imp

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Central Place Theory (CPT) attempts to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements based on central places, zones of influence, and hinterlands. This theory, introduced by Walter Christaller in 1933, outlines the importance of central functions, threshold populations, and factor

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Explores the concepts of experienced happiness and life evaluation through Expected-Utility Theory and Prospect Theory. Discusses how individuals perceive wealth changes differently based on these theories, impacting their emotional well-being and overall life satisfaction. Delve into the distinctio

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Exploring G.H. Sabine's perspective on political theory through a contextual approach, emphasizing the importance of historical context and societal influences. Sabine argues that while political theory evolves with its contemporary politics, it should be analyzed within its specific time and social

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Balance of Power Theory in global politics emphasizes the distribution of military capability among states to prevent hegemony and maintain national security. It is a realist theory that highlights the importance of preventing any single state from dominating others. The theory discusses how stronge

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This presentation discusses key concepts related to the open economy, such as net exports equaling net capital outflow, national saving equaling domestic investment plus net capital outflow, the loanable funds theory of the real interest rate, and the relationship between saving, investment, and net

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At the turn of the century, the discovery of the photoelectric effect challenged the wave theory of light, leading to the development of the quantum theory by Max Planck and Albert Einstein. This new theory introduced the concept of discrete energy units known as quanta, bridging the gap between wav

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Functionalist and Neo-Marxist perspectives on youth culture offer contrasting views on its purpose in society. Functionalist theorists emphasize the role of youth culture in providing a transitional phase for young people, aiding in their social integration and development of independence. On the ot

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Overview of Dp-branes, NS5-branes, and U-duality derived from nonabelian (2,0) theory with Lie 3-algebra. Introduction to M-theory, including M2-branes and M5-branes in the strong coupling limit. Discussion on BLG theory, Lorentzian Lie 3-algebra, and the ABJM theory for M2-branes.

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Delve into the realm of critical theory through literary criticism, using the analogy of different perspectives on seeing an orange to understand the various facets of analysis like reader response, Marxist/social power, feminist/gender, and psychoanalytic criticism. Discover how critical theory hel

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Perturbation theory is a powerful tool in solving complex physical and mathematical problems approximately by adjusting solutions from a related problem with known solutions. This theory allows for more accurate approximate solutions by treating the difference as a small perturbation. An example inv

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Original research explores how labor super-exploitation and transformation drive international value transfer in the capitalist system. The study bridges orthodox Marxist and Ricardian perspectives, offering new insights into unequal exchange and imperialism.

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Divine Command Theory asserts that morality is derived from God's commands, contrasting with Virtue Theory which focuses on developing moral virtues to achieve human flourishing and excellence. Divine Command Theory relies on religious texts, while Virtue Theory emphasizes the cultivation of virtues

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Fermi liquid theory, also known as Landau-Fermi liquid theory, is a theoretical model that describes the normal state of metals at low temperatures. Introduced by Landau and further developed by Abrikosov and Khalatnikov, this theory explains the similarities and differences between interacting ferm

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This analysis compares Geertz's famous essay on the Balinese cockfight with Roseberry's critique, arguing that Roseberry's focus on economic factors, inequality, conflict, and dynamic social processes provides a more comprehensive analysis compared to Geertz's entertaining yet partial interpretation

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