White blood cells, specifically neutrophils and macrophages, play crucial roles in defending the body against infections. Neutrophils attack and destroy bacteria in the blood while macrophages, once matured in tissues, combat intratissue disease agents. These cells exhibit unique abilities such as d

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Salmonellosis is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica. It predominantly affects warm-blooded vertebrates, leading to carrier states, septicemia, enteritis, and other clinical presentations like abortion and arthritis. The disease is transmitted through contaminated foods of anim

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Understanding how parasites evade the immune system of their hosts is crucial in the field of immunoparasitology. Parasites have developed various strategies such as anatomical seclusion, antigenic variation, and intracellular living to avoid host immune responses. Examples include Plasmodium within

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Cytokines play a crucial role in immune response activation and regulation. They are secreted by various cell types like lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, exerting diverse biological functions, including immune system development, inflammatory response induction, and hematopoiesis regulation.

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Engagement of SARS-CoV-2 triggers the complement system and TLR 7 in neutrophils and macrophages, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors. This results in the upregulation of adhesion molecules on blood capillary endothelial cells and leukocytes, facilitating leukocy

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HIV, a single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA retrovirus, is transmitted through various means such as sexual intercourse, vertical transmission, and blood contact. The virus targets T cells, macrophages, and other immune cells, leading to acute and chronic stages with distinct symptoms. As

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Vitamin D plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of COVID-19 by enhancing the body's immune response, reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Individuals at greater risk include the elderly, those with chronic diseases, dark-skinned individua

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Phagocytosis is a crucial process where cells engulf and digest pathogens. Inflammation responses involve various immune cells like neutrophils, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Granulomas, typical in diseases like tuberculosis, are mass accumulations in chronic inflammation. Tuberculosis

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Explore the world of immunology through key components such as monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, interferons, and the inflammatory reaction. Learn about the roles of various immune cells in defending the body against pathogens and the mechanisms of inflammation in response to tissue damage or inf

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This collection of supplementary figures provides detailed flow cytometry data on immune cell populations, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and more. The figures also include information on immune checkpoint molecules like PD-L1 and TIGIT. Each figure presents spec

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The inflammatory response is a crucial defense mechanism of the immune system. It comprises three lines of defense aimed at protecting the body from harmful pathogens. When a barrier is breached, such as by a splinter carrying bacteria, the inflammatory process is initiated. This includes the releas

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Explore the different stages of the immune response, starting with macrophages in the innate immune system that act fast without memory. Follow the path to the spleen and lymph nodes where T cells, already educated at birth to recognize specific antigens, await. Witness the intricate dance of the im

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Haemolytic anaemias result from increased red cell destruction, involving normal red cell breakdown processes like extravascular removal by macrophages. This breakdown leads to the liberation of iron, bilirubin circulation, and protein synthesis. An introduction to haemolytic anaemias explains how t

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The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in returning leaked fluids back to the blood, protecting the body from foreign materials, and supporting immune surveillance. It consists of lymphoid cells such as T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and reticular cells that work together to d

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Connective tissues play a crucial role in supporting and connecting various tissues in the body. They are highly vascularized and develop only from mesoderm during embryonic origin. Consisting of cells and intercellular matter secreted by the cells, these tissues are categorized based on cell types

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This study compares tissue doses from different radionuclides - Sn-117m, P-32, Y-90, Re-186, and Er-169 - for radiosynoviorthesis using Monte Carlo simulation. It explores electron range, half-life, and therapeutic absorbed doses to synovial tissues, presenting a hypothesis on the selection of radio

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Vesatolimod (GS-9620) has shown to be safe and pharmacodynamically active in individuals infected with HIV. Studies demonstrate its potential to eliminate and activate infected CD4 T cells, recruit immune cells like NK cells and macrophages, and work in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodi

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Helminths, parasitic organisms affecting a large part of the global population, can modify the immune response through immunomodulation. This research delves into the interaction between helminths, microbiome, and immune response, exploring the effects on macrophages, alternative activation, and the

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Explore the formation, maturation, and functions of white blood cells, focusing on eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Learn about the roles of these cells in immune responses, including phagocytosis, allergic reactions, and defense against parasites. Gain insights into the complex p

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Acute inflammation results in either resolution or progression to chronic inflammation, with outcomes like restoration of normalcy, fibrosis, or scarring. Chronic inflammation can be caused by viral infections, persistent microbial infections, exposure to toxic agents, or autoimmune diseases. Macrop

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The lecture sheds light on the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) and spleen, explaining their cellular components, functions, and importance in the immune system. It details how macrophages in various organs form part of the RES, emphasizing their role in filtering and destroying foreign particles. T

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