White blood cells, specifically neutrophils and macrophages, play crucial roles in defending the body against infections. Neutrophils attack and destroy bacteria in the blood while macrophages, once matured in tissues, combat intratissue disease agents. These cells exhibit unique abilities such as d

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Salmonellosis is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Salmonella enterica. It predominantly affects warm-blooded vertebrates, leading to carrier states, septicemia, enteritis, and other clinical presentations like abortion and arthritis. The disease is transmitted through contaminated foods of anim

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Understanding how parasites evade the immune system of their hosts is crucial in the field of immunoparasitology. Parasites have developed various strategies such as anatomical seclusion, antigenic variation, and intracellular living to avoid host immune responses. Examples include Plasmodium within

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Cytokines play a crucial role in immune response activation and regulation. They are secreted by various cell types like lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, exerting diverse biological functions, including immune system development, inflammatory response induction, and hematopoiesis regulation.

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Engagement of SARS-CoV-2 triggers the complement system and TLR 7 in neutrophils and macrophages, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors. This results in the upregulation of adhesion molecules on blood capillary endothelial cells and leukocytes, facilitating leukocy

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HIV, a single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA retrovirus, is transmitted through various means such as sexual intercourse, vertical transmission, and blood contact. The virus targets T cells, macrophages, and other immune cells, leading to acute and chronic stages with distinct symptoms. As

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Vitamin D plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of COVID-19 by enhancing the body's immune response, reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Individuals at greater risk include the elderly, those with chronic diseases, dark-skinned individua

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Phagocytosis is a crucial process where cells engulf and digest pathogens. Inflammation responses involve various immune cells like neutrophils, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Granulomas, typical in diseases like tuberculosis, are mass accumulations in chronic inflammation. Tuberculosis

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Explore the world of immunology through key components such as monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, interferons, and the inflammatory reaction. Learn about the roles of various immune cells in defending the body against pathogens and the mechanisms of inflammation in response to tissue damage or inf

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