Immune deficiencies can be classified into primary hereditary disorders based on clinical presentations, including cell-mediated, antibody-mediated, non-specific, and complement activation deficiencies. Major clinical manifestations of immune disorders range from B-cell deficiencies to phagocytic ce

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Explore the fundamentals of immunology with insights into immunogens, antigens, epitopes, and haptens. Uncover how these key components play vital roles in shaping immune responses and learn about paratopes, the basis of immunogenicity, and the key events that determine foreignness in the immune sys

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Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare autoimmune disease where the immune system wrongly attacks platelets, leading to low platelet count. It can affect individuals of all ages, with symptoms appearing post-virus, vaccination, or certain medications. ITP can result in fatigue, bruising, and bleedi

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Dive into the world of immune system glossary terms with definitions and visual aids. Explore key concepts such as immune cell activation, adaptive immune response, antibodies, antigens, and more. Understand the complex processes within the immune system through informative images and concise explan

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The immune system acts as a defense mechanism against pathogens and infections, comprising various organs, such as the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, white blood cells, antibodies, complement system, and the lymphatic system. It works to recognize and destroy harmful microbes, maintaining the body's h

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Immunology is the study of the immune system, its functions, and responses to various stimuli. The field traces back to ancient times, with historical figures like Thucydides and Edward Jenner contributing to its development. From innate immunity to adaptive responses, the immune system plays a cruc

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Hereditary Connective Tissue Disorder, Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS), and Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) are three complex conditions with overlapping symptoms affecting collagen, joint laxity, and immune responses. Features associated with these conditions include joint pains, gas

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Histamine, a potent chemical mediator, is synthesized and stored in various cells like mast cells and basophils. It is involved in allergic reactions, immune responses, and neurotransmission in the central and autonomic nervous systems. This substance is released in response to stimuli like tissue i

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Antigens are substances that stimulate the production of antibodies in the body, exhibiting specificity in immune reactions. They interact with immune response products like antibodies, BCRs, and TCRs. Immunogens induce detectable immune responses, leading to antibody production or T cell activation

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Understanding how parasites evade the immune system of their hosts is crucial in the field of immunoparasitology. Parasites have developed various strategies such as anatomical seclusion, antigenic variation, and intracellular living to avoid host immune responses. Examples include Plasmodium within

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Cytokines and chemokines are essential signaling molecules that play crucial roles in immune responses. This content covers their general properties, classification, functions, and implications in diseases and therapies. Learn about the diverse families of cytokines, cytokine antagonists, and the va

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Cytokines play a crucial role in immune response activation and regulation. They are secreted by various cell types like lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, exerting diverse biological functions, including immune system development, inflammatory response induction, and hematopoiesis regulation.

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This content delves into the mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity, focusing on B-cells as key players in humoral immunity. It covers topics such as activation of B-cells, clonal selection, generation of plasma and memory cells, primary and secondary immune responses, and the structure and functi

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Autoimmunity refers to the immune system's failure to recognize its own cells, leading to attacks on self-tissues. Autoimmune disorders encompass over 80 chronic illnesses where the immune system mistakenly targets organs. These disorders are poorly understood and recognized, impacting various organ

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Host defense mechanisms safeguard the body from pathogens through various strategies such as intact skin, mucous membranes, nonspecific immune responses like phagocytic cells, and specific immune responses involving antibodies and lymphocytes. Key protective barriers include the skin, eyes, digestiv

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The peritoneum, a vital membrane in the body's abdominal cavity, consists of visceral and parietal components with distinct pain perceptions. It plays crucial roles in lubrication, fluid absorption, immune responses, and more. Peritoneal inflammatory exudate can result from various causes such as ba

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The immune system maintains a balance through tolerance mechanisms to prevent autoimmunity. Central and peripheral tolerance play crucial roles in immune unresponsiveness to self-antigens. Failure in immune regulation can lead to autoimmune diseases like diabetes and lupus. Vaccination, discovered b

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In the field of control systems, analyzing time domain dynamic responses is essential for evaluating system performance. This involves studying transient and steady-state responses, as well as characteristics such as steady-state error. By examining these responses to standard input signals, insight

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Hypersensitivity in immunology refers to an altered immune response against antigens, leading to hyperreactivity and immunopathology. This article delves into the different categories of adaptive hypersensitivities, focusing on Immediate (Type I), Antibody-Mediated Cytotoxic (Type II), and Immune Co

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Parasitic infections pose complex challenges to the immune system due to the diverse nature of parasites, including protozoans and helminths. Protozoan parasites move between arthropod vectors and mammalian hosts, requiring both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Meanwhile, helminths, as mu

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Explore the intricate details of white blood cells (WBCs), their types, functions, formation, and crucial role in defending the body against infections. Delve into the immune system, comprising barriers, cells, tissues, and organs that combat invaders, with a focus on innate and adaptive immunity. L

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Our health is closely linked to the gut microbiome, with fiber playing a key role in feeding beneficial gut bacteria. Incorporating anti-inflammatory polyphenols from plant-based sources like fruits, vegetables, and herbs can promote a healthier gut. Additionally, fermented foods act as natural prob

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Organisms demonstrate responses to changes in their environment through stimuli and reactions. These responses can be internal or external, leading to behaviors such as seeking food, avoiding danger, or adjusting growth patterns. Examples include animals seeking food when hungry or plants growing to

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Explore the intricate workings of the immune system, from its component parts and defense mechanisms to the significance of homeostasis maintenance. Discover how non-specific and specific immune responses, phagocytosis, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and interferons play vital roles in protectin

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Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (C-IRIS) is a condition where rapid reversal of immunodeficiency triggers exaggerated inflammatory reactions in response to Cryptococcus antigens. It can manifest as either Unmasking IRIS or Paradoxical IRIS, with common CNS presentations incl

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The study explores the immunotoxic effects of industrial effluents on fin fish, highlighting xenobiotics' impact on the immune system. It discusses the sensitivity of the immune system to environmental toxins and the elicitation of immune reactions by various substances. The importance of fish as a

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This PowerPoint presentation contains confidential information on optimizing the immune system to enhance overall health. It outlines a holistic approach involving neurological organization, meridian testing, and spectroscopic emission to support well-being. The content emphasizes the importance of

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Exploring a unique method of detecting potential COVID-19 cases by observing weakened responses to a specific colored acetate sheet emitting 633nm light. This approach, though not diagnostic, offers insights into immunity against the virus and recommends supplements like Liposomal Vitamin D3, Zinc,

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This collection of supplementary figures provides detailed flow cytometry data on immune cell populations, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and more. The figures also include information on immune checkpoint molecules like PD-L1 and TIGIT. Each figure presents spec

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Dermal lesions caused by Leishmania donovani complex are rare in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Viscerotropic parasites can cause severe infections, while cutaneous infections are mainly caused by Leishmaniatropica and major complexes. Host immune reactions to different strains of Leishmania have

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Stem cell transplantation involves addressing the issue of immune cells failing to recognize and eliminate tumor cells, known as "The Bad Boys." By removing the dormant immune cells and replacing them with new ones from a compatible donor, the therapy aims to empower the immune system to target and

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Cell, organ, and tissue tropism are crucial in viral pathogenesis, influenced by factors such as routes of entry and spread within the host, cell permissiveness, and immune responses. Viruses penetrate epithelial barriers through various mechanisms to establish infection, navigating specialized cell

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Explore the different stages of the immune response, starting with macrophages in the innate immune system that act fast without memory. Follow the path to the spleen and lymph nodes where T cells, already educated at birth to recognize specific antigens, await. Witness the intricate dance of the im

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The lymphatic system, a vital component of the immune system, consists of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and other cells within a framework of reticular cells and fibers. It includes lymphoid organs like the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. Diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules are

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The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in returning leaked fluids back to the blood, protecting the body from foreign materials, and supporting immune surveillance. It consists of lymphoid cells such as T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and reticular cells that work together to d

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Vesatolimod (GS-9620) has shown to be safe and pharmacodynamically active in individuals infected with HIV. Studies demonstrate its potential to eliminate and activate infected CD4 T cells, recruit immune cells like NK cells and macrophages, and work in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodi

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Plants and animals have evolved a variety of chemical defenses to combat infections and maintain homeostasis. Innate immunity provides immediate protection through barrier and internal defenses, while acquired immunity offers specific responses involving humoral and cell-mediated mechanisms. Plants

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Helminths, parasitic organisms affecting a large part of the global population, can modify the immune response through immunomodulation. This research delves into the interaction between helminths, microbiome, and immune response, exploring the effects on macrophages, alternative activation, and the

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A phase 1 clinical trial is underway for a Tat.Oyi-based therapeutic vaccine targeting the virulence factor Tat in HIV. Tat plays a crucial role in viral gene expression and immune system modulation. Inhibiting Tat could disrupt the viral life cycle, block virion release, and potentially reactivate

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Lymphocytes are crucial components of the lymphoid system, found in various lymphoid organs like the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. The primary, secondary, and tertiary lymphoid tissues play distinct roles in lymphocyte development, differentiation, and immune responses. Dysfunction o

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