Explore Zilebesiran, an investigational RNA interference therapeutic targeting hepatic AGT synthesis for hypertension. Primary findings from Phase 2 trial KARDIA-1 reveal sustained blood pressure reduction. Addressing the unmet need for innovative antihypertensive treatments.

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Liver is the largest gland in our body, and an important metabolic organ which carries out many essential biological functions. The liver is a wedge-shaped, reddish-brown in color with two lobes of different size and shape. The approximate weight of a human liver is 1.5 kilograms. It is in the upper

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Delve into the intricate structures and functions of the brain, from its regions to the cerebral lobes. Learn about the roles of the left and right hemispheres, essential sensory and motor areas, and the cerebral nuclei. Discover how the brain enables us to be conscious, control movements, and proce

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Acetaminophen poisoning occurs when the body is overwhelmed by high doses of the drug, leading to liver toxicity and potentially fatal consequences. The mechanism of toxicity involves the depletion of glutathione and the formation of a harmful metabolite, N-acetyl-para-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI). Con

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The brain in vertebrates varies in size and complexity, with distinct structures like the prosencephalon and mesencephalon. From cartilaginous fishes with large olfactory lobes to bony fishes with specialized brains, the evolution of brain structures can be observed. Amphibians, like frogs, show uni

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Fat Cow Syndrome, also known as Fatty Liver Disease in Cattle, is a condition commonly seen in high-producing cows during the transition period around calving. The disease is characterized by mobilization of excessive body fat to the liver due to negative energy balance, leading to hepatic lipidosis

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Dive into the intricate details of the cerebrum, the largest part of the forebrain. Explore its parts including the cortex, medulla, basal ganglia, and lateral ventricle. Learn about the lobes, important sulci, and gyri. Understand the types of fibers in the cerebral medulla and their functions. Unr

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Bilirubin, a yellow compound in the catabolic pathway, plays a crucial role in health. Estimating serum bilirubin levels is key in diagnosing conditions like jaundice. Elevated levels, above 2 mg/dl, can indicate disease. Jaundice, characterized by skin and eye discoloration, has pre-hepatic, hepati

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Malnutrition is common in chronic liver disease, leading to complications such as ascites and infections. Sarcopenia and weight loss are prevalent regardless of BMI. Critical care patients with liver disease face challenges due to limited physiological reserve, with main causes for ICU admission bei

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Nasopulmonary drug delivery system, utilizing the nasal route for drug administration, offers advantages such as hepatic first-pass metabolism avoidance and rapid drug absorption. This system is beneficial for pharmacologically active compounds with poor stability in gastrointestinal fluids. While i

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Phenytoin, a medication with high protein binding and hepatic metabolism, exhibits saturated pharmacokinetics with a narrow therapeutic range of 10-20 µg/mL for total serum concentrations. Adverse effects vary with serum levels: minor CNS depression at >15 µg/mL, nystagmus at >20 µg/mL, and ataxi

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Challenging liver cirrhosis management in elderly patients with refractory ascites has high mortality rates, and transplantation is not always viable. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) serves as a non-curative treatment option, aiming to reduce portal hypertension. The procedure i

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Veins play a crucial role in the circulatory system by carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart. This lecture covers the general principles of veins, the anatomy of major veins like the superior and inferior vena cavae, tributaries, and their roles in different parts of the body. It also discus

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The thyroid gland is the first endocrine gland to develop in the human body, starting from a median endodermal thickening in the primitive pharynx. The process involves the descent of the thyroid diverticulum and formation of lobes by week 7 of embryonic development. The thyroid gland begins functio

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Understanding the natural history, evaluation, and management of benign liver lesions is crucial for diagnosing incidental liver findings. Common benign liver lesions include hepatic hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatic adenoma, and hepatic cyst. Differential diagnosis plays a key role in

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Portal vein imaging is crucial for evaluating conditions affecting the abdominal part of the gastrointestinal tract. Techniques such as spleno-portography and CT triphasic contrast imaging are used to visualize the portal vein and diagnose anomalies like portal-systemic collaterals and porto-systemi

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Radio galaxies are categorized as radio-loud or radio-quiet based on the presence of jets and lobes. Unlike radio-loud quasars, the nuclear radio emission in radio-quiet quasars does not originate from large-scale jets. Possible explanations include broad absorption lines, magnetically accelerated e

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Ultrasound transducers play a crucial role in medical imaging by converting electrical signals into ultrasonic energy for tissue penetration and image creation. This technology utilizes focused transducers to enhance resolution and penetration, while also managing beam intensity. The article delves

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The large intestine plays a crucial role in digestion. This comprehensive overview covers the different parts of the large intestine, characteristic features of the colon, anatomy details, peritoneal covering, relations with surrounding structures, arterial and nerve supply, and important flexures l

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A detailed description of a compound tubulo-acinar gland with serous-secreting nature is provided, highlighting its cellular composition, arrangement of ducts, and connective tissue organization. The glandular structure, including adenomeres, centroacinar cells, and myoepithelial cells, is discussed

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Recognize major complications of liver cirrhosis including hepatic failure, portal hypertension, ascites, hepatorenal syndrome, and esophageal varices. Learn about the pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical features, and pathological findings associated with these complications.

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Learn about the major complications of liver cirrhosis, including portal hypertension, hepatic failure, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and more. Explore the pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical features, and pathological findings associated with these complications, and understand the impa

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Exercise therapy plays a crucial role in managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by improving hepatic aminotransferases and reducing steatosis. Lifestyle modifications, including increased physical activity, are essential in the treatment of NAFLD. This includes aerobic exercise, resistanc

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This case study delves into a challenging scenario where a hepatologist grapples with a patient presenting HLH associated with liver injury in the context of sarcoidosis. Despite inconclusive initial investigations, further work-up reveals indications of secondary HLH/MAS. The management involves a

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The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS acts as the command center, interpreting sensory information and coordinating responses. The PNS conveys information to and from the CNS through somatic and visceral sensory neurons,

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The equine stomach is relatively small compared to the horse's body size, with distinct regions such as the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric region. It is located on the left side of the abdomen, under the ribs. The stomach's blood supply includes branches from the aorta, splenic artery, and hepati

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View detailed radiology imaging of the esophagus and stomach conducted by Dr. A. Alhawas, showcasing various anatomical structures such as the splenic artery, abdominal aorta, common hepatic artery, and more. Explore pathologically changed layers in pyloric stenosis, arterial blood supply to the pyl

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The liver is a crucial organ with dual functions and a complex anatomical structure. It consists of hepatic lobes and lobules, where hepatocytes play a vital role in various functions. The liver receives blood supply from both the hepatic artery and portal vein, allowing for essential processes such

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Explore the intricate world of neurology with a focus on brain localization, neuroaxis structures, and the distinctions between upper and lower motor neuron signs. Delve into the functions of brain lobes, brain stem anatomy, and spinal cord functions. Discover how upper motor neuron signs indicate l

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The lungs, vital organs of the respiratory system, consist of two cone-shaped structures with apex, base, costal, and medial surfaces. Positioned in the thoracic cavity, they are associated with the heart, great vessels, and other structures in the mediastinum. The right lung has three lobes, while

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Acute liver failure is a severe condition characterized by rapid liver dysfunction within 6 months of symptom onset, leading to encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and jaundice. This condition can be classified as hyperacute, acute, subacute, fulminant, or sub-fulminant based on the duration from jaundice

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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can present as cholestasis, hepatocyte necrosis, steatosis, vascular damage, and hepatic fibrosis. Various drugs like antibiotics, NSAIDs, recreational drugs, and herbal remedies can cause liver damage. Recognizing DILI is crucial in patients with liver dysfunction o

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HHS is an acute infectious disease in chickens characterized by high morbidity and mortality, excess pericardial fluid, and multifocal hepatic necrosis. It mainly affects broilers and broiler parents, with clinical signs such as sudden mortality, lethargy, and ruffled feathers. Post-mortem lesions i

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Explore the nutrition implications and management strategies for CF-related liver disease, gastrointestinal complications, and CF-related diabetes in patients. Learn about the proposed mechanisms, prevalence rates, and consequences of hepatic complications in cystic fibrosis. Gain insights into neon

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Bile acid sequestrants such as colestipol and cholestyramine act by binding bile acids, promoting hepatic conversion of cholesterol, and increasing LDL-receptor activity to clear LDL-cholesterol. They may interfere with fat-soluble vitamin absorption and have common side effects like constipation an

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This presentation by Dr. Ricardo A. Franco focuses on the challenges faced in managing and treating patients with HIV/Hepatitis C virus coinfection. It discusses the burden of HCV mono-infection and HIV/HCV co-infection, the impact of HIV co-infection on survival in HCV-related cirrhosis, and the ro

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In the realm of pharmacology, the process of eliminating drugs from the body involves hepatic metabolism, biliary elimination, and urinary excretion. Once a drug is introduced into the system, these routes of elimination come into play, highlighting the crucial role they play in drug clearance and e

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Serum bilirubin levels are crucial in diagnosing conditions like jaundice, with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin playing key roles. Excess bilirubin in the blood can lead to jaundice, characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes. Different types of jaundice, including pre-hepatic,

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