Explore Zilebesiran, an investigational RNA interference therapeutic targeting hepatic AGT synthesis for hypertension. Primary findings from Phase 2 trial KARDIA-1 reveal sustained blood pressure reduction. Addressing the unmet need for innovative antihypertensive treatments.

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The abdomen of insects plays crucial roles in respiration, reproduction, digestion, excretion, and metabolism. The number of abdominal segments varies across species, with reductions and modifications seen in different insect groups. From the propodeum to pregential and postgenital segments, each pa

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Liver is the largest gland in our body, and an important metabolic organ which carries out many essential biological functions. The liver is a wedge-shaped, reddish-brown in color with two lobes of different size and shape. The approximate weight of a human liver is 1.5 kilograms. It is in the upper

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The intestine in domestic animals plays a vital role in digestion and absorption. It consists of the small intestine for chemical digestion and absorption and the large intestine for water absorption and excretion. This article covers the gross anatomy, histology, and embryology of the intestine, de

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Bilirubin is a yellowish substance formed during the breakdown of red blood cells, traveling through the liver before excretion. High levels indicate hyperbilirubinemia, often signaling underlying health issues. It's a common occurrence in newborns as well. The compound plays a crucial role in the b

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Treatment for the heart focuses on reducing excess fluid volume and edema and boosting the heart's pumping ability. The immediate goals include preventing progressive failure or in the worst case, sudden death. The aggressiveness in therapy is proportionate to levels of heart failure. As a common po

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Acetaminophen poisoning occurs when the body is overwhelmed by high doses of the drug, leading to liver toxicity and potentially fatal consequences. The mechanism of toxicity involves the depletion of glutathione and the formation of a harmful metabolite, N-acetyl-para-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI). Con

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The urinary system plays a vital role in regulating blood volume, pressure, and waste excretion. Urinary incontinence in the elderly can be caused by weak bladder muscles or neurological issues. The bladder consists of 4 layers, each serving a specific function. Normal voiding frequency and bladder

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Exploring the organization and general principles of gastrointestinal physiology, this content covers the anatomical and functional aspects of the GI system, including smooth muscle characteristics, neural control, blood flow, nutrient absorption, waste excretion, and regulatory functions like immun

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Hypokalemia is a condition characterized by low potassium levels, crucial for intracellular functions. The Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains the ICF/ECF gradient. Potassium excretion occurs mainly via the kidneys, with minimal variation in proximal tubule reabsorption. The collecting duct plays a vital r

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The urinary system in animals includes kidneys, ureters, and the bladder, all crucial for filtration and urine excretion. The ureters are excretory ducts from the kidneys, while the bladder stores urine before expulsion. Various diagrammatic structures illustrate the urogenital system of animals, pa

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Biology is the study of life, which involves understanding the characteristics that define living organisms. These characteristics include nutrition, transport, respiration, excretion, synthesis, regulation, and growth. Each of these life functions is essential for the survival and functioning of al

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Fat Cow Syndrome, also known as Fatty Liver Disease in Cattle, is a condition commonly seen in high-producing cows during the transition period around calving. The disease is characterized by mobilization of excessive body fat to the liver due to negative energy balance, leading to hepatic lipidosis

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This comprehensive set of questions and answers covers topics related to drug excretion and renal pharmacology. It includes information on glomerular filtration, drug excretion mechanisms, dosage adjustments in renal impairment, factors influencing drug excretion, and the effects of long-term NSAID

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Epithelial tissue is a crucial component of the body forming protective barriers, aiding in secretion, absorption, excretion, and more. Learn about its general characteristics, different types such as simple and stratified epithelium, glandular epithelium classification, and clinical applications li

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Clinical pharmacokinetics involves applying pharmacokinetic principles to personalize medication dosages for optimal therapeutic effects while minimizing adverse reactions. It covers drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamics focuses on the relationship between drug c

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Metabolism of xenobiotics, foreign chemicals like drugs, food additives, and pollutants, is crucial for pharmacology, toxicology, and disease management. Knowledge allows for beneficial applications such as antioxidant research, pollutant conversion, and drug biosynthesis using transgenic organisms.

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Bilirubin, a yellow compound in the catabolic pathway, plays a crucial role in health. Estimating serum bilirubin levels is key in diagnosing conditions like jaundice. Elevated levels, above 2 mg/dl, can indicate disease. Jaundice, characterized by skin and eye discoloration, has pre-hepatic, hepati

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Malnutrition is common in chronic liver disease, leading to complications such as ascites and infections. Sarcopenia and weight loss are prevalent regardless of BMI. Critical care patients with liver disease face challenges due to limited physiological reserve, with main causes for ICU admission bei

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Nasopulmonary drug delivery system, utilizing the nasal route for drug administration, offers advantages such as hepatic first-pass metabolism avoidance and rapid drug absorption. This system is beneficial for pharmacologically active compounds with poor stability in gastrointestinal fluids. While i

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Phenytoin, a medication with high protein binding and hepatic metabolism, exhibits saturated pharmacokinetics with a narrow therapeutic range of 10-20 µg/mL for total serum concentrations. Adverse effects vary with serum levels: minor CNS depression at >15 µg/mL, nystagmus at >20 µg/mL, and ataxi

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Life processes are crucial for the survival of organisms, encompassing activities like nutrition, transportation, metabolism, respiration, reproduction, and excretion. These processes enable organisms to maintain proper functioning and health, essential for continued existence on Earth.

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Challenging liver cirrhosis management in elderly patients with refractory ascites has high mortality rates, and transplantation is not always viable. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) serves as a non-curative treatment option, aiming to reduce portal hypertension. The procedure i

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Renal block plays a crucial role in drug excretion, with processes like glomerular filtration and tubular secretion affecting drug elimination. Factors like blood flow, physiochemical properties, and urine pH influence renal excretion of drugs. Competition between drugs for transporters can have ben

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This presentation by Dr. Khalid Altirkawi, M.D., Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, aims to educate medical students on neonatal jaundice. The content covers metabolic pathways of bilirubin, types of jaundice, diagnostic tests, prevention, and treatment strategies. It provides valuable insights into

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Veins play a crucial role in the circulatory system by carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart. This lecture covers the general principles of veins, the anatomy of major veins like the superior and inferior vena cavae, tributaries, and their roles in different parts of the body. It also discus

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Delve into the complex processes of drug absorption, excretion, and bioavailability in the human body. Learn about the various factors affecting drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, including biological, physiochemical, and pharmaceutical factors. Explore the mechanisms of drug transport

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Understanding the natural history, evaluation, and management of benign liver lesions is crucial for diagnosing incidental liver findings. Common benign liver lesions include hepatic hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatic adenoma, and hepatic cyst. Differential diagnosis plays a key role in

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Portal vein imaging is crucial for evaluating conditions affecting the abdominal part of the gastrointestinal tract. Techniques such as spleno-portography and CT triphasic contrast imaging are used to visualize the portal vein and diagnose anomalies like portal-systemic collaterals and porto-systemi

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The large intestine plays a crucial role in digestion. This comprehensive overview covers the different parts of the large intestine, characteristic features of the colon, anatomy details, peritoneal covering, relations with surrounding structures, arterial and nerve supply, and important flexures l

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A detailed description of a compound tubulo-acinar gland with serous-secreting nature is provided, highlighting its cellular composition, arrangement of ducts, and connective tissue organization. The glandular structure, including adenomeres, centroacinar cells, and myoepithelial cells, is discussed

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Recognize major complications of liver cirrhosis including hepatic failure, portal hypertension, ascites, hepatorenal syndrome, and esophageal varices. Learn about the pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical features, and pathological findings associated with these complications.

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Learn about the major complications of liver cirrhosis, including portal hypertension, hepatic failure, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and more. Explore the pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical features, and pathological findings associated with these complications, and understand the impa

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Exercise therapy plays a crucial role in managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by improving hepatic aminotransferases and reducing steatosis. Lifestyle modifications, including increased physical activity, are essential in the treatment of NAFLD. This includes aerobic exercise, resistanc

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This case study delves into a challenging scenario where a hepatologist grapples with a patient presenting HLH associated with liver injury in the context of sarcoidosis. Despite inconclusive initial investigations, further work-up reveals indications of secondary HLH/MAS. The management involves a

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The equine stomach is relatively small compared to the horse's body size, with distinct regions such as the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric region. It is located on the left side of the abdomen, under the ribs. The stomach's blood supply includes branches from the aorta, splenic artery, and hepati

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View detailed radiology imaging of the esophagus and stomach conducted by Dr. A. Alhawas, showcasing various anatomical structures such as the splenic artery, abdominal aorta, common hepatic artery, and more. Explore pathologically changed layers in pyloric stenosis, arterial blood supply to the pyl

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The liver is a crucial organ with dual functions and a complex anatomical structure. It consists of hepatic lobes and lobules, where hepatocytes play a vital role in various functions. The liver receives blood supply from both the hepatic artery and portal vein, allowing for essential processes such

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Acute liver failure is a severe condition characterized by rapid liver dysfunction within 6 months of symptom onset, leading to encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and jaundice. This condition can be classified as hyperacute, acute, subacute, fulminant, or sub-fulminant based on the duration from jaundice

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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can present as cholestasis, hepatocyte necrosis, steatosis, vascular damage, and hepatic fibrosis. Various drugs like antibiotics, NSAIDs, recreational drugs, and herbal remedies can cause liver damage. Recognizing DILI is crucial in patients with liver dysfunction o

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