Characterizing Distributed Systems: Multiple autonomous computers with CPUs, memory, storage, and I/O paths, interconnected geographically, shared state, global invariants. Classifying Distributed Systems: Based on synchrony, communication medium, fault models like crash and Byzantine failures. Comp

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Byzantine fault tolerance is crucial in ensuring the reliability of distributed systems, especially in the presence of malicious nodes. This concept deals with normal faults, crash faults, and the challenging Byzantine faults, where nodes can exhibit deceptive behaviors. The Byzantine Generals Probl

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History taking is a crucial process in patient assessment, aiding in determining the etiology of medical issues. Obtaining an accurate history through proper questioning, active listening, and maintaining a professional appearance is vital for making accurate diagnoses. The history should follow a s

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History taking is crucial in diagnosing musculoskeletal conditions, with a clinician being 60% closer to a diagnosis with a thorough history. This session covers the structure of history, MSK systemic review, pain assessment, swelling evaluation, and more. Students will learn to take a relevant hist

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Opinions are divided on whether history should be classified as a science or an art. While history employs techniques similar to scientific methods for research, certain aspects distinguish it from traditional sciences. Arguments against history as a science include the inability to forecast, the co

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Dr. Khalid Akkour, Assistant Professor of Gynecologic Oncology at King Saud University Medical City, provides insights on uterine cancer and postmenopausal bleeding. The structured OSCE discusses important aspects such as taking a focused history, age, ethnicity, past gynecologic and obstetric histo

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Explore different branches of history such as Political History, Constitutional History, Parliamentary History, Legal History, Military History, Diplomatic History, and Social History. Each branch delves into specific aspects of the past, shedding light on politics, governance, warfare, diplomacy, a

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Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) is a critical concept in computer science, addressing faults in distributed systems. This summary covers the types of faults (normal, crash, Byzantine), implications of Byzantine faults, Byzantine Generals Problem, impossibility results, and the complexity of solving

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Delve into W.B. Yeats' iconic poem "Sailing to Byzantium" as it explores themes of art, transcendence, and the ideal state of mind beyond life. Discover the symbolism of Byzantium as an aesthetic haven where artists strive for perfection and transcendence. Unpack the impersonal nature of Byzantine a

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This paper discusses a round-efficient Byzantine broadcast protocol that addresses strong adaptive adversaries and majority corruptions. The protocol involves unique and unbreakable peer signatures, committees for message verification, and time-locking mechanisms to prevent message tampering. By uti

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This study delves into Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocols in the realm of distributed ledgers, exploring the complexities of achieving consensus in trusted adversarial environments. The research examines the classic problem in computer science where distributed nodes communicate to reach agre

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Byzantine failures refer to arbitrary patterns of failures where nodes exhibit inconsistent behavior. This lecture discusses Byzantine agreement and the challenges in reaching consensus with faulty nodes. It explores the minimum number of processes needed for consensus and extends the concepts to ge

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Economic and technical aspects of Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocols for achieving consensus in distributed ledger systems are explored. The discussion delves into the challenges of maintaining trust in adversarial environments and the strategies employed by non-Byzantine nodes to mitigate un

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Geometric Routing enables routing without overhead, where each node knows its global coordinates and forwards messages based on proximity to the destination. Byzantine Faults pose challenges with arbitrary node behavior, but a Byzantine-Robust Geometric Routing algorithm addresses this in a 3-connec

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Delve into the relevance of studying history and how it shapes future career opportunities. Discover insights from renowned history graduates and the valuable transferable skills gained from a history degree. Uncover the essence of history, its applications in modern society, and the importance of l

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This Erasmus+ project aims to adapt history education to modern challenges by preparing history educators to teach in a way that meets societal demands and incorporates the latest in history didactics. Partners focus on heritage, global dimensions, public history, and the role of the internet. Resul

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This guide explores the process of taking a gynecological history, emphasizing the importance of thoroughness and patient permission. From introductions to obtaining consent, the steps involved in gynecological history taking are outlined. Attention is given to the nuances of gynecological versus ge

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History is a subject full of debate and interpretations influenced by the current societal divisions. The teaching of American history is undergoing significant challenges, particularly regarding issues of race and equality. The 1619 Project aims to reframe American history by addressing the foundat

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National History Day 2018 focuses on the theme of Conflict & Compromise in History, encouraging students to delve into topics such as failed compromises leading to revolutions, the Vietnam Generation, and conflicts like the Troubles in Ireland. Through research, students will explore historical cont

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This research focuses on achieving exact Byzantine consensus on undirected graphs under the local broadcast model, where communication is synchronous with known underlying graphs. The model reduces the power of Byzantine nodes and imposes connectivity requirements. The algorithm involves flooding va

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The Byzantine Generals Problem addresses how a group of generals, some of whom may be traitors, can reach a consensus on a battle plan while ensuring consistency, termination, and validity. Various protocols are explored to handle challenges such as faulty leaders, consistency violations, and cheati

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This detailed guide covers the subjective examination, history review, prenatal history, perinatal history, postnatal history, and behavioral assessment of children for a comprehensive developmental assessment. It includes aspects such as parental observations, pregnancy complications, birth details

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Medical records play a crucial role in documenting a patient's medical history and findings from physical examinations. The history and physical (H&P) document includes subjective information from the patient and objective observations by the examiner. The history (Hx) record covers personal medical

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The influence of Mary, the mother of Jesus, in Byzantine and Western art is explored through various historical events and artworks. From early visions of Mary to the declaration of Feast of Dormition, the devotion to Mary has shaped artistic representations and church dedications. Iconic cathedrals

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The discussion revolves around achieving consensus in the presence of dense Byzantine faults on an unknown torus. Various challenges and impossibility theorems are explored, highlighting the complexities of reaching an agreement in such fault-prone environments. The content delves into the limitatio

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Delve into the fascinating history of Newport's West Side through the research conducted by NKU's Public History Department. Students have explored key locations, culminating in a comprehensive written history that highlights the area's significance. Discover insights from the city's establishment i

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Sync HotStuff is a practical synchronous protocol that tolerates Byzantine replicas and handles weaker synchrony models. It overcomes issues of requiring a large number of rounds and lock-step execution. The protocol ensures safety by committing blocks and guarantees liveness by continuing to commit

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Explore the realm of Byzantine fault tolerance through protocols like State Machine Replication and HotStuff, discussing safety, liveness, forensic support, and the impact of Byzantine faults. Dive into decades of research on achieving fault tolerance and examining forensic support in the face of By

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The Byzantine Empire made significant contributions to civilization through art, law, religion, and centralization of government. The empire's legacy includes the preservation of Roman laws, promotion of Christianity, accumulation of church wealth, and establishment of Constantinople as a key center

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Exploring the gradual progress of the Christian life through three stages - from the leap of faith to walking the spiritual path guided by method and tradition. This journey entails learning, understanding, and reaching enlightenment, drawing insights from Byzantine spiritual traditions and ancient

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Medical history taking is a crucial step in diagnosis, involving the patient's account of illness and relevant information. Following a structured framework helps identify potential diagnoses. Key elements include personal information, chief complaint, presenting illness history, review of systems,

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The History Department at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, established in 1958, offers a range of courses on the history of Kazakhstan, including Ancient and Medieval History, Soviet Kazakhstan, and more. The department has a rich history of notable heads and focuses on educational, methodologi

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The historiography of the Crusades explores diverse viewpoints from western and eastern sources throughout different periods. Various leaders, including Byzantine emperors, Muslim sultans, and indigenous populations, had unique perspectives. The evolving attitudes towards the Crusades reflect changi

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Exploring the challenges and solutions in achieving optimally resilient asynchronous multi-valued Byzantine agreement protocols. This work presents a novel construction meeting key requirements and delves into round-preserving parallel composition of agreements, shedding light on probabilistic termi

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Ophthalmology history taking is crucial for identifying and narrowing down differential diagnoses, screening for hidden diseases, and protecting patients from harm. Components include patient profile, chief complaint, history of present illness, past ophthalmic and medical history, drug and family h

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This research explores Quantum Distributed Computing protocols for tasks like leader election, Byzantine agreement, and more. It introduces Quantum dMA protocols for verifying equality of replicated data on a network without shared randomness. The study discusses the need for efficient protocols wit

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The Byzantine Empire, established in 527 A.C, was marked by religious conflicts and military advancements. The society was patriarchal, centered around Christianity, and had a hierarchical structure. The empire made significant progress in weaponry and trade, although frequent battles ensued. Despit

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The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, flourished from 330 CE to 1453 CE under Greek rule. It played a significant role in trade, politics, and culture during the Post-Classical Era, connecting trade routes and reconquering the West under rulers like Justinian. However, challe

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Explore the concept of Attested Append-Only Memory (A2M) in distributed systems, which ensures adversaries adhere to their commitments. Learn about safety and liveness goals, Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), equivocation issues, and the A2M log and interface for secure data management. Di

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The presentation discusses communication complexity in Byzantine Agreement, emphasizing a lower bound of (f/2) when After the Fact removal is considered. It explores two major contributions - the communication lower bound in randomized protocols and near-optimal subquadratic Byzantine Agreement. The

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