The process of micturition (urination), the functional anatomy of the urinary bladder, neural control, the mechanism of filling and emptying of the bladder, and the neurogenic control of the micturition reflex and its disorders.

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The lecture covers the fundamentals of urinary elimination focusing on the kidneys' location, structure, function, and the role of nephrons. It discusses the transport of urine through the ureters to the bladder, highlighting the bladder's muscle layers and the urethra's role in expelling urine. Stu

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Explore the essential information about Continuous Bladder Irrigation (CBI), including its procedure, indications, supplies and equipment needed, documentation guidelines, and monitoring protocols. Learn about the importance of CBI in post-prostate surgery, urinary tract obstruction prevention, clot

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The urinary system plays a vital role in regulating blood volume, pressure, and waste excretion. Urinary incontinence in the elderly can be caused by weak bladder muscles or neurological issues. The bladder consists of 4 layers, each serving a specific function. Normal voiding frequency and bladder

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The urinary system in animals includes kidneys, ureters, and the bladder, all crucial for filtration and urine excretion. The ureters are excretory ducts from the kidneys, while the bladder stores urine before expulsion. Various diagrammatic structures illustrate the urogenital system of animals, pa

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This comprehensive guide will explore the symptoms of UTI bladder infections, risk factors, prevention strategies, and treatment options.

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Posterior Tibialis Tendon Dysfunction, also known as Adult Acquired Flat Foot Deformity (PTTD), is a condition that affects the tibialis posterior tendon, leading to reduced arch support. Common causes include obesity, trauma, age, and existing health conditions. Symptoms may include ankle pain, swe

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Explore the detailed anatomy of ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra in this comprehensive guide. Learn about the course of ureters, important relations of the urinary bladder, and differences in male and female urethra. Discover the sites of ureteric constrictions, arterial blood supply, and more.

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Bladder tumours, particularly Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC), are the second most common cancer in the genitourinary system. Mainly caused by factors like cigarette smoking, industrial toxins, and genetic events, bladder cancer presents with symptoms such as hematuria and irritative voiding sympt

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Sexual dysfunction encompasses a range of issues that can affect individuals, with causes including psychological, neurological, hormonal, and relationship-related factors. Evaluating sexual problems involves considering duration, context, and frequency. Psychological causes, such as anxiety and str

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Discover the intricate anatomy of the spine, learn about the prevalence and causes of lower back pain, delve into the symptoms and diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction, and explore treatment options to manage this condition effectively.

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This report discusses the incidence rates of gall bladder cancers in various regions worldwide, focusing on India. It highlights the significant disparity in rates across different countries and regions. The data analysis includes age-adjusted incidence rates from specific districts in India, as wel

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Learn about the assessment, tests, conservative and surgical management options for Overactive Bladder (OAB) based on the new draft NICE guideline updates. Understand the categorization of urinary incontinence types, urine testing protocols, bladder diaries, quality of life assessments, and the role

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Suprapubic catheter insertion is a procedure indicated for conditions such as urethral injury, obstruction, bladder neck masses, and benign prostatic hypertrophy. It involves proper patient positioning, analgesia, equipment preparation, and a step-by-step technique including bladder palpation, marki

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Following transverse myelitis, there can be significant changes in bowel and bladder function, impacting storage, release, and coordination. Neurogenic bowel and bladder issues, differentiated by injury level, can lead to challenges in controlling sphincters and bathroom habits. Understanding these

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Movement dysfunction in sports medicine can stem from various factors such as structural instability, loss of range of motion, functional rigidity, poor balance, and more. Clinical movement analysis plays a vital role in identifying muscle imbalances and guiding exercise interventions to enhance ath

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Bladder exstrophy case study of a 12-day-old female infant with abnormal swelling and opening in the lower abdomen since birth. The patient's history includes antenatal, natal, and postnatal details without complications. Family-social background information is provided.

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Executive Functioning is a key aspect of cognitive function, encompassing various abilities such as planning, self-awareness, and emotion regulation. Executive Dysfunction, often resulting from frontal lobe injuries, can lead to difficulties in decision-making, social interactions, and learning. Thi

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Understanding the embryonic development of the urinary bladder and urethra involves studying the formation of the cloaca, division of the urogenital sinus, absorption of mesonephric ducts, position and fate of the urachus, and anomalies related to these structures. The cloaca, primitive urogenital s

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Bowel and bladder incontinence are common after a stroke, often due to brain damage affecting control functions. Factors like mobility can exacerbate these issues, leading to discomfort, infections, and other complications. Managing incontinence involves assessing individual needs, recognizing signs

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An intriguing case study presents a young male with weakness and coma in the ICU following pneumonia and sepsis. Nerve conduction results indicated critical illness myopathy and polyneuropathy, along with cardiac abnormalities. Reduced muscle excitability was attributed to a sodium channelopathy. Th

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This consensus statement by the American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery Section highlights the importance of recognizing immediate vocal fold paralysis (VFP) and partial neural dysfunction (PND) following thyroid and parathyroid surgery. The report emphasizes the need for early identificati

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Understanding cognitive dysfunction in cancer patients is crucial for improving quality of life and medical outcomes. This article explores the background, causes, screening, diagnosis, and treatment options for cancer-related cognitive impairment, emphasizing the historical perspective, prevalence,

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The genitourinary system comprises the urinary and reproductive organs, with the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra playing crucial roles. Maintaining proper function involves factors like renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular function, and urine flow. Nephrons are the functional unit

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Cystitis is a common bladder infection that can affect both men and women. This lecture provides important information on the pathogenesis, causative organisms, diagnosis, and treatment of cystitis. Learn about the risk factors, types of cystitis, and how venereal diseases can present with symptoms

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An update by Consultant Histopathologist John Mitchard on TNM-8 staging for urological cancers, highlighting changes in RCC definitions and grading, along with minor adjustments in bladder staging. Details include revised pT3 criteria for kidney tumors, improvements in bladder M1 and T2 classificati

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Explore the intricacies of micturition physiology focusing on the functional anatomy of the urinary bladder, mechanism of filling and emptying, cystometrogram, and neurogenic control. Delve into the internal structure of the bladder, sphincters, and innervation in males for a comprehensive understan

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Discover how PDE-5 inhibitors go beyond treating erectile dysfunction, with approved and emerging compounds, alternative dose regimens, concentration sites, and potential targets like cardiovascular diseases and the central nervous system.

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Radioactive iodine (RAI) is commonly used in treating differentiated thyroid cancer but can lead to salivary and lacrimal dysfunction. This joint clinical consensus statement by the American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery and Salivary Gland Sections highlights the importance of understandin

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This research explores mapping the MMPI-2-RF substantive scales onto internalizing, externalizing, and thought dysfunction dimensions in mental health assessment. The study emphasizes the importance of validating assessments for accurate clinical pictures and effective treatment planning. It delves

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Pelvic floor dysfunction and prolapse are common issues affecting women, impacting their physical and emotional well-being. Surgical treatment may be necessary for symptomatic cases, but a thorough evaluation of symptoms, obstetric history, and other factors is crucial. Addressing precipitating fact

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This protocol outlines the management of urinary and bowel incontinence in stroke patients, emphasizing high nursing care levels and avoiding unnecessary catheterization. It discusses normal bladder functions, urinary dysfunction prevalence post-stroke, and interventions for promoting continence. Ur

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The human urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to produce urine, which is carried to the bladder through the ureters for storage until excretion. Each kidney is structured with renal pyramids and nephrons for blood filtration and waste remov

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The gall bladder and bile ducts play crucial roles in the storage and transportation of bile in the body. They have specific anatomical divisions and functions, including bile secretion, concentration, and storage. Understanding their structure and function is essential for grasping their physiologi

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Explore the latest advancements in immunotherapy for managing bladder and renal cancer, including mechanisms of action, indications, adverse effects, and available treatment regimes. Learn about immune checkpoint inhibitors, differentiating immunotherapy from chemotherapy, indications for use across

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Voiding disorders in children, also known as bladder dysfunction, are a common issue affecting up to 40% of pediatric urology clinic visits. These disorders can indicate underlying pathophysiology requiring treatment to prevent renal or urologic damage. The development of urinary control by age 5 is

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Exploring the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system with a focus on the bladder, including details on muscle structure, capacity for urine collection, and the role of the detrusor muscle in micturition. Learn about key components such as the trigone and bladder neck, as well as innervation an

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Continence care in the community focuses on maintaining normal bladder and bowel functions to support individuals in managing their toileting needs effectively. Continence involves being aware of bodily signals, knowing when and how to void or defecate, managing clothing, storing urine or bowel move

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Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition characterized by urinary urgency, frequency, and sometimes incontinence. It significantly impacts quality of life and can affect individuals of all ages, with higher prevalence in older populations. Treatment options include drug therapy, bladder traini

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Bladder trauma commonly occurs due to pelvic trauma or surgical interventions, leading to injuries like contusion, intraperitoneal rupture, and extraperitoneal rupture. Dr. Nagwa M. Ahmed presents key elements of bladder trauma, including its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnos

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