A systematic review was conducted to assess the proportion of adult HIV patients in sub-Saharan Africa with prior antiretroviral therapy experience, specifically focusing on non-naive re-initiators. The study highlighted the challenges faced by these individuals and the need for tailored interventio

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This investigation delves into the challenges and successes of adolescents born with HIV who are undergoing antiretroviral treatment in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It aims to explore how these adolescents transition from pediatric to adult medication, their adherence to treatment, and the availabil

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Learn about the hazards of exposure to hazardous drugs, including potential health risks such as cancer, nausea, reproductive toxicity, and organ damage. Explore training modules, drug categories, and a list of hazardous drugs to ensure workplace safety. Discover NIOSH criteria for identifying hazar

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The Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 was enacted to regulate the import, manufacture, distribution, and sale of drugs and cosmetics in India. The Act aims to ensure high standards of medical treatment, prevent substandard drugs, and establish advisory boards for different types of drugs. It sets out

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Crude drugs are natural substances obtained from plants, animals, and minerals. They are used without much processing and have therapeutic properties. Different plant parts like leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, bark, and stems yield various important drugs. Animals and minerals also serve as s

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The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act of 1954 regulates the advertising of drugs and remedies claiming magical properties in India. It defines drugs and magic remedies, prohibits certain types of advertisements related to drugs, and aims to control misleading marketing prac

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The Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and its Rules of 1945 were established to regulate the import, manufacture, distribution, and sale of drugs and cosmetics in India. The Act ensures that only qualified individuals are involved in these processes and aims to prevent the entry of substandard or spur

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This content discusses the ethical principles, definitions of privacy and confidentiality, and the importance of maintaining client information confidential in decentralized drug distribution of antiretroviral therapy in the private sector. It emphasizes the need to protect sensitive information and

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Anxiety disorders are conditions characterized by excessive worry and fear that can interfere with daily life. Common types include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, and OCD. Treatment options include psychotherapy and anxiolytic drugs such as benzodiazepines, 5HT1A agonists, be

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Anticestodal drugs play a crucial role in combating tapeworm infections in veterinary medicine. These drugs are classified into taeniafuges and taenicides, with examples of natural and synthetic compounds highlighted. Natural compounds like pumpkin seeds and male fern are traditionally used for thei

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This educational session covers the essentials of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, including starting medication in adults, mechanisms of action, side effects, and drug interactions. It emphasizes the goals of ART such as viral load suppression and immune restoration, outlines prepara

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The Central Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) is the main regulatory body in India for pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and clinical trials. It functions under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. The CDSCO is responsible f

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Generic drugs are identical copies of brand-name medications in dosage, strength, quality, and intended use. They contain the same active ingredients but are sold under their chemical name. This article explores the basic differences between generic and brand-name drugs, when generic drugs are marke

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Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis in ruminants and Mycobacterium avium in dogs and pigs. These bacteria have a unique waxy appearance due to their cell wall composition, providing a shield against pharmacological compounds. Antitubercular drugs play a cruc

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Renal block plays a crucial role in drug excretion, with processes like glomerular filtration and tubular secretion affecting drug elimination. Factors like blood flow, physiochemical properties, and urine pH influence renal excretion of drugs. Competition between drugs for transporters can have ben

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Tailored antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery models benefit stable patients by addressing inequities and involving key populations. Differentiated care extends to adolescents, pregnant women, and key populations, emphasizing psychosocial support. Transitioning between client categories is crucial

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This session emphasizes the importance of upholding client privacy and confidentiality in the decentralized distribution of antiretroviral therapy in the private sector. It covers ethical considerations, principles, definitions of privacy and confidentiality, and the significance of safeguarding cli

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The development of antimicrobial drugs has significantly improved therapeutics by controlling infections and preventing complications. These drugs target invading microorganisms using selective toxicity, sparing host cells. Antimicrobial drugs are classified based on site, mechanism of action, and c

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The Central Nervous System (CNS) plays a crucial role in coordinating the body's functions and responses to the environment. Drugs acting on the CNS can be classified into CNS stimulants and CNS depressants. CNS stimulants include spinal, medullary, and cortical stimulants, with various direct and i

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Protozoal infections are widespread, impacting both developed and underdeveloped regions due to globalization. Antiprotozoal drugs are crucial for treating diseases like malaria, amebiasis, and more. However, these drugs can have potent toxic effects on host cells. This article delves into the class

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Understanding the mechanism of ovulation and hormonal regulation is key in classifying drugs used to induce ovulation. This lecture covers the pharmacology of different groups of drugs, their mechanisms of action, administration protocols, indications, efficacy rates, and adverse effects. Antiestrog

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This presentation by Tim Horn, MS, delves into the effects of drug pricing and generics on Ryan White HIV/AIDS Programs, focusing on cost containment, program income, challenges with antiretroviral drug pricing, and the role of generic drugs in mitigating costs. The discussion also covers the 340B D

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Understanding the implementation of multi-month refills for stable patients in Malawi provides valuable insights into patient eligibility differentiation, with 86% eligible for multi-month scripts. Challenges remain in accurately applying eligibility criteria, as seen in the study's findings. The re

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This study compared immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) with deferred treatment in HIV-infected individuals with CD4+ count >500 cells/mm3. Results showed a significant reduction in primary composite endpoint events in the immediate ART group compared to the deferred ART group. Seri

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The evolution of antiretroviral therapy (ART) from dual to triple drug regimens has been crucial in improving outcomes for HIV patients. Research findings demonstrate the superiority of three-drug therapy over two-drug therapy in terms of efficacy and resistance management. Maintenance ART strategie

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The DAVA Drugs Authentication & Verification Application, developed by the National Informatics Centre of the Government of India, enables authentication, tracking, and tracing of Indian drugs at different packaging levels. Manufacturers maintain Unique Serial Numbers for primary and secondary packa

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This mid-course review covers key aspects such as defining drugs, naming drug categories and subcategories, identifying drug categories for specific drugs, components of drug influence evaluation, and examinations conducted as part of the evaluation process. The content also includes identifying dru

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Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources, exploring drugs from plants through the lenses of botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. This includes the classification of vegetable drugs based on taxonomic, chemical, and morphological characteristics. Understanding key points f

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12.7 million people worldwide inject drugs, with 1.7 million of them living with HIV. The prevalence of HIV among people who inject drugs is 13.1%, highlighting the need for comprehensive service provision including testing, needle programs, opioid therapy, and antiretroviral treatment. The data als

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This module provides current recommendations and best practices for initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART), emphasizing treatment benefits, prevention strategies, and maximizing patient outcomes. Learn about the health advantages of ART, including reduced AIDS-related mortality and enhanced quality

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This lecture covers factors influencing placental transfer, harmful effects of drugs at different developmental stages, FDA classifications of drugs, and teratogenic drugs. It explains how drugs cross the placenta, including physiochemical properties and stage of development affecting transfer. The

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Providing same-day observed antiretroviral therapy (ART) to newly diagnosed HIV+ outpatients is crucial for improved virologic suppression. Early initiation of ART post-diagnosis enhances patient outcomes, reduces transmission risk, and suppresses viral load effectively. Milestones of care at San Fr

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Dolutegravir (DTG) treatment has shown associations with weight gain and clinical obesity, particularly in black individuals and women. In contrast, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is linked to lower body weight compared to other treatments. Trials like ADVANCE and NAMSAL have provided insights

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Understanding the classes of drugs used to control or prevent vertigo, identifying disorders of balance, and detailing drugs used for vertigo management. Learn about drugs that can trigger vertigo and the mind map of specific treatments involving various medications.

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This session delves into the world of drugs, highlighting the characteristics and effects of substances like cannabis, heroin, LSD, ecstasy, cocaine, and NPS. Participants engage in activities matching drug descriptions with names, followed by developing presentations on the drugs. Discussions inclu

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Dr. Michael S. Saag, an expert in HIV/AIDS treatment, discusses challenging cases and treatment strategies in antiretroviral therapy. The presentation includes insights on managing mutations, selecting initial regimens, and adjusting therapy for long-term HIV patients. The cases highlight clinical c

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The Drugs and Magic Remedies Act 1954 regulates the advertisement of drugs and prohibits the promotion of remedies claiming magical qualities. It defines various terms related to drugs and advertisements, while emphasizing the need for ethical and truthful advertising to protect the public. The Act

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This session featured a case-based panel discussion by Dr. Michael S. Saag on selecting antiretroviral therapy for specific patient profiles, including those coinfected with hepatitis B virus and HIV, pregnant partners of HIV-seropositive patients, and individuals experiencing chronic kidney disease

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Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal drugs derived from natural sources, focusing on the properties and origins of crude drugs like plants and animals. The term was coined in 1815, emphasizing knowledge of drugs' physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is associated with various branche

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Date rape drugs, often referred to as club drugs, are commonly used at dance clubs, concerts, raves, and parties. Rohypnol, also known as Roofies, is a depressant drug prescribed in Europe for sleep and pre-surgery relaxation. It is orally taken in various colored pills, such as olive green or white

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