The Ottoman Empire underwent a series of reforms from the late 18th to the 19th century, aiming to centralize power, boost revenues, strengthen the military, educate bureaucrats, refine legal systems, and improve healthcare. Factors driving these reforms included military weaknesses, separatist nati

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Explore the world of citizen journalism and non-fiction writing, learning about text types, adapting writing to conventions, considering audience, purpose, and tone. Discover the significance and usefulness of non-fiction writing, and delve into creating various text types. Uncover the role of citiz

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Mines in the 19th century were perilous workplaces with dangers such as flooding, getting trapped, poor ventilation leading to health issues, explosions from fire-damp, and the risk of being crushed. Tragic incidents like the Huskar pit disaster in 1838 and the New Hartley Colliery disaster in 1862

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August Schleicher's biological approach to language, including his Stammbaumtheorie, aligned with Darwinian ideas prevalent in the 19th century. The origins of psycholinguistics can be traced back to Heymann Steinthal, who advanced the psychology of language. This period saw critical developments in

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Ottoman Empire faced agricultural and fiscal crises in the 17th century, leading to internal rebellions. However, by the mid-17th century, the empire had recovered and experienced further expansion, albeit at a slower rate compared to the previous century. In the 18th century, the Ottomans suffered

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Exploring the 19th-century Finnish literature through archives, bibliographies, and digital methods. Efforts to improve metadata, discover new knowledge about authors and works, and reconstruct the literary system disrupted by historical events like the Great Fire of Turku.

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Impressionism emerged in the mid-19th century as a reaction against traditional French art standards. This art movement focused on capturing the essence of a subject through short, thick strokes of paint and vibrant colors applied side-by-side. Artists like Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and o

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The late 19th century saw significant industrial and economic growth in the United States, leading to the emergence of large corporations that dominated the economy and society. The Industrial Revolution spurred the development of interconnected transportation networks, electric power, and the appli

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First Wave Feminism focused on suffrage and legal rights in the 19th century. It later transitioned into the Second Wave critiquing patriarchal structures, with key figures like Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem. Third-Wave Feminism emerged in the early 1990s addressing workplace harassment and power

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Explore the practices of collecting and displaying anthropological artifacts in the 19th century, focusing on figures like Pitt Rivers and themes such as craniology, typological organization, and the construction of difference among human groups. The readings provide insights into how museums and ex

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Delve into the roots of American humor through the works of Mark Twain, examining Southwestern humor from 1830-1860 characterized by tall tales and dialect humor. Discover the wit of women humorists like Frances Whicher and Marietta Holley. Explore humor forms like anecdotes, hoaxes, and frame tales

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Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, Friedrich Miescher, Aristotle, and Carl Linnaeus were key figures in the 19th century who made significant contributions to the fields of evolution, genetics, DNA discovery, and taxonomy. Darwin proposed the theory of evolution and natural selection, Mendel established

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Exploring Alfred Chandler's work and its application in understanding the evolution of business organizations in the 19th and early 20th centuries in America. The article applies transaction cost theory to explain historical shifts towards vertical integration, emphasizing the cost-efficiency of int

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Washington Irving, an influential American author of the early 19th century, is revered as the Father of American fiction. Known for iconic works like "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle," Irving played a crucial role in establishing American literature as an independent art form. His

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In the 19th century, defenders of slavery utilized legal arguments by denying citizenship rights to blacks, religious arguments by justifying ownership and guidance through biblical references, and economic arguments by comparing treatment of slaves in the South to conditions of workers in the North

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Discover the world of domestic and sentimental fiction that captivated women during the 19th century in America. Dive into the plots, characters, and themes that defined this influential genre, exploring the journey of young heroines facing trials, triumphs, and the importance of self-mastery.

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Huckleberry Finn" faced a mix of reception in the 19th century, with some areas praising it while others criticized its language, humor, and moral tone. The book was banned in Concord but gained popularity in other regions, with critics highlighting its depiction of Southern life along the Mississip

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The late 19th century in Latin America marked a period of significant economic changes driven by a global context that included events like the Great Depression of 1873-1896 and the second industrial revolution. Core capitalist powers sought cheap raw materials, labor, and new markets, leading to in

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Second wave European conquests in the 18th and 19th centuries saw a shift towards informal control and military force in establishing empires in Africa and Asia. Various paths to colonial status emerged in India, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand, reflecting different colonization methods and ou

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The political scene in the late 19th century in the United States was marked by the rise of the Second Party System, leading up to the pivotal Presidential Election of 1896. The Congressional elections of the era reflected shifts in power between Democrats, Republicans, and various opposition groups

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The content delves into the societal, economic, and political disparities between the North and South of America in the mid-19th century, highlighting differences in literacy rates, economy, agricultural practices, and labor systems. While the regions shared a common history and political system, th

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The Unification of Italy in the 19th Century was driven by the Risorgimento nationalist movement, led by figures like Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Benso di Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. Cavour, as Chief Minister of Sardinia, played a crucial role in reorganizing the army and forming alliances to defe

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The Temperance Movement emerged in the early 19th century in America, advocating for abstinence from alcohol due to its detrimental effects on health, families, and society. Led by figures like Lyman Beecher and Amelia Bloomer, the movement saw a decline in alcohol consumption, the implementation of

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This content delves into the history of Italian foreign policy and trading policies between 1860 and 1960, focusing on the perceptions of Italy from abroad, the pre-unitarian inheritance of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, and the societal and economic landscape of Naples and Sicily during the 19th cent

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Fiction and nonfiction are two key genres in literature. Fiction involves imaginative storytelling with elements like plot, characters, setting, point of view, and theme. Nonfiction, on the other hand, deals with real people, events, and ideas, aiming to inform, persuade, or entertain readers. Explo

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Explore the systematic relocation, conflicts, and cultural assimilation of Native Americans during the late 19th century in America. From the Indian Removal Act to the Dawes Act, witness the impact of government policies on Native tribes, culminating in tragic events like the Sioux Wars and Wounded

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This content explores the historiographical trends, gender dynamics, and the role of female philanthropists in the 19th century. It delves into how women engaged in charitable activities, challenging societal norms and contributing to the construction of women's identities through philanthropy. The

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In the 19th century, poverty was often blamed on individuals, leading to a laissez-faire approach by the government. Key figures like Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree conducted insightful studies on poverty, highlighting the need for welfare reforms. The emergence of genuine concern for the poor a

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The Second Great Awakening was a significant religious movement in 19th century America, marked by fervent revivals led by influential preachers like James McGready and Charles Finney. Emphasizing sin, repentance, and spiritual renewal, this period witnessed a resurgence of evangelical Christianity

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Overseas migration to Victorian Britain was relatively low in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with Irish, German, and Italian migrants being prominent. The Irish migration was driven by famine, with many settling in areas like Liverpool for work. German migrants contributed to various professions

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Science fiction is a genre that delves into imagined future scientific and technological advances, exploring major societal and environmental changes, space travel, time travel, and life on other planets. It combines elements of science and fiction to create believable yet captivating narratives tha

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American economic development in the 19th century was driven by the abundance of resources and the necessity for capital-intensive projects. The expansion of the economy, adoption of technology, and integration into a national economy required a robust financial system with financial intermediaries

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In the 19th century, the Christian church underwent significant changes and developments, encompassing growth, unity efforts, leadership transitions, and challenges such as the impact of the Civil War. Key events include the dissemination of the Disciples' Hymn Book, establishment of colleges, the i

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The U.S. focused on increasing foreign trade, expanding its borders, and isolating itself from European conflicts during the early 19th century. Key events such as the Louisiana Purchase, annexation of Texas, and treaties with China shaped U.S. foreign policy. Debates over slavery, territorial expan

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The history of the thriller genre traces back to the 17th century with themes of crime retribution evolving into entertainment by the 19th century. Crime was viewed as a social problem in the late 20th century, leading to the emergence of detective and criminal noir styles. Psycho thriller narrative

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Physicists in the late 19th century shifted towards modesty regarding the aims of physics, moving away from ontology and truth claims. The ideal of reduction to matter and motion was criticized, and determinism was seen as a regulative principle rather than a proven feature. The concept of descripti

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Realistic fiction is a genre of writing that portrays characters, settings, and events that could exist in real life, even though the story itself may be fictional. The key features include believable characters, realistic settings, everyday problems, and plausible solutions. By sorting book covers

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The concentration of property in 19th-century Europe, particularly in France, saw a rise despite efforts to level wealth distribution post the French Revolution. Wealth inequality remained high throughout the Belle Epoque era, driven by modern financial assets and innovations. This period showcased

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This content provides detailed targets for Language Papers, focusing on Fiction and Non-Fiction reading and writing skills. It covers strategies such as being specific in analysis, using evidence from texts, improving sentence structures, enhancing vocabulary usage, and applying language techniques

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During the 19th century in America, religious movements like Deism and Unitarianism challenged traditional beliefs, leading to reformations and awakenings. The Second Great Awakening spurred social reforms, while figures like Joseph Smith and Horace Mann influenced education and society. Issues like

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