The Impact of Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business in the Late 19th Century
Chapter 5 Industrialization &
The “Gilded Age”
Between 1869 & 1899 the U.S.
Population nearly tripled and during
this time America emerged as an
industrial and agricultural giant
The Rise of Big Business
•
The Industrial Revolution
created huge corporations
that came to dominate the
economy as well as
political & social life during
the late 19
th
century
•
There were many things
that launch this economic
growth like natural
resources including forests,
mineral wealth, & rivers
Carnegie Plant at Homestead, PA
The Second Industrial Revolution was
spurred by three developments:
•
The 1
st
was the creation of
interconnected national
transportation &
communication network
•
The 2nd happened in the
1880s w/ electric power
•
The 3
rd
was the
systematic application of
scientific research to
industrial processes
Building the Transcontinental Railroads
•
A transcontinental railroad
was not built before the
Civil War b/c North-South
sectional differences
prevented Congress from
selecting a route
•
The first transcontinental
railroad was built in just
sixteen months
The celebration after the completion of the
first transcontinental railroad
Those Who Build the Railroad
•
The Union Pacific work
crews were made up of ex-
soldiers, former slaves &
Irish & German immigrants
•
The Central Pacific crews
were made-up mainly of
Chinese workers that came
to the U.S. to CA b/c of the
Gold Rush & railroad jobs
Chinese workers building the
transcontinental railroad
Financing The Railroads
•
Railroad executives were
called “robber barons” b/c
they were dishonest
•
Credit Mobilier was a
construction company that
overcharged the railroads
•
Jay Gould was the most
notorious of the railroad
“robber baron”
•
Another baron was Cornelius
Vanderbilt whose business
consolidation put the control
of railroads in the hands of
the few
Jay Gould
Inventions Spur Manufacturing
•
During the 1890s the U.S.
patent Office registered
almost 235,000 inventions
•
Some of these inventions
were refrigerated railcar,
barbed wire, air brakes,
typewriter, telephone
•
Thomas Alva Edison
invented the first
successful incandescent
light bulb
Thomas Edison, 1878
Nikola Tesla’s Alternating-Current
Motor made it possible:
•
For water sources to
locate away from
waterfalls
•
To transmit high voltage
electricity
•
For power sources to
locate away from coal
deposits
•
For Westinghouse to
defeat Edison
Nikola Tesla
Rockefeller & the Oil Trust
•
In 1870 Rockefeller started
the Standard Oil Company
and decided to take over all
other oil businesses
•
Rockefeller perfected the
idea of the holding company
or a company that controlled
other companies by holding a
majority of their stock
•
Rockefeller became a leading
philanthropist
Carnegie & The Steel Industry
•
Andrew Carnegie rose
from poverty
•
Carnegie made money
in many areas, including
oil railroads, iron and
steel, and bridge
building
•
Carnegie wrote “The
Gospel of Wealth” in
1889
J.P. Morgan, Financier
•
Morgan was born wealthy
and was an investment
banker
•
By the 1890s he controlled
1/6 of the nation’s railway
system
•
Morgan’s U.S. Steel
Corporation a holding
company for a variety of
interests was the 1
st
billion
dollar corporation
Sears & Roebuck
•
After the Civil War w/
all the new inventions
manufacturers came up
w/ many new products
•
The question was: how
to get these products to
isolated farms & small
towns?
•
Sears, Roebuck &
Company was a pioneer
in selling goods by mail
Sears, Roebuck and Company Catalogue
Labor Conditions
•
By modern-day
standards working
conditions were dreary
and often dangerous
•
By 1880 1 out of 6
children in the nation
was working full time
•
By 1881, only 7states
had laws that children
had to be at least 12
before they worked
Southern Cotton Mills
Disorganized Protest
•
It was very difficult for
workers to organize
unions
•
There were strikes in
the Penn. coalfields by
an Irish group called the
Molly Maguires
•
Many of the Mollies
were hanged
The Railroad Strike of 1877
•
This was a more
widespread labor incident
and the 1
st
major
interstate strike in
American History
•
The RR strike started b/c
of a cut to workers wages
•
This strike ended when
the workers, who lacked
organized bargaining
power, returned to work
The Sand-Lot Incident
•
B/C of the 1870s
depression there were
anti-Chinese riots in San
Francisco
•
Denis Kearney started the
Workingmen’s party of CA
which was based on this
anti-Chinese sentiment
•
In 1882 Congress voted to
prohibit Chinese
immigration
Denis Kearney
Toward Permanent Unions
•
National Labor Union
started in 1866
•
Contract Labor Act
•
Knights of Labor started in
1869
•
Anarchism – many
European Anarchists
emigrated to the U.S.
•
The Haymarket affair was
blamed, probably unfairly,
on seven anarchist leaders
Gompers & the AFL
•
Gompers served as
president of the
American Federation of
Labor until 1924
•
The AFL was concerned
more with concrete
economic gains that
with social of political
reforms
Samuel Gompers, head of the
American Federation of Labor
Mother Jones
•
Lost her family in the
1867 yellow fever
epidemic
•
She worked for higher
wages, shorter hours,
safer workplaces, &
restrictions on child
labor
•
She lost most of the
strikes
Socialism & The Unions
•
In 1877, followers of
Karl Marx in America
organized the Socialist
Labor Party
•
Daniel De Leon wrote
that blue-collar violence
and anarchy were the
only paths to success
Daniel De Leon
The Stance of Government
Toward Business
•
During this period the
stance of the Supreme
Court on liberty of contract
could best be described as
favorable toward business
•
Between 1887 & 1897, the
efforts by state & territorial
governments to protect
workers were thwarted by
pro-business conservative
judges
The late 19th century saw significant industrial and economic growth in the United States, leading to the emergence of large corporations that dominated the economy and society. The Industrial Revolution spurred the development of interconnected transportation networks, electric power, and the application of scientific research to industrial processes. The construction of transcontinental railroads played a crucial role in shaping the country's infrastructure. Financing of railroads by "robber barons" like Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt highlighted the economic practices of the era.
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http://www.tc.umn.edu/~tmisa/NOS/ch1-200.jpeg http://ehs.eastchesterschools.org/m2/file.php/11700/images.jpeg Chapter 5 Industrialization & The Gilded Age Between 1869 & 1899 the U.S. Population nearly tripled and during this time America emerged as an industrial and agricultural giant
The Rise of Big Business The Industrial Revolution created huge corporations that came to dominate the economy as well as political & social life during the late 19thcentury There were many things that launch this economic growth like natural resources including forests, mineral wealth, & rivers Carnegie Plant at Homestead, PA
The Second Industrial Revolution was spurred by three developments: http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/images/Retallack_Maschinensaal_web.jpg The 1st was the creation of interconnected national transportation & communication network The 2nd happened in the 1880s w/ electric power The 3rd was the systematic application of scientific research to industrial processes
Building the Transcontinental Railroads A transcontinental railroad was not built before the Civil War b/c North-South sectional differences prevented Congress from selecting a route The first transcontinental railroad was built in just sixteen months The celebration after the completion of the first transcontinental railroad
Those Who Build the Railroad The Union Pacific work crews were made up of ex- soldiers, former slaves & Irish & German immigrants The Central Pacific crews were made-up mainly of Chinese workers that came to the U.S. to CA b/c of the Gold Rush & railroad jobs Chinese workers building the transcontinental railroad
Financing The Railroads Railroad executives were called robber barons b/c they were dishonest Credit Mobilier was a construction company that overcharged the railroads Jay Gould was the most notorious of the railroad robber baron Another baron was Cornelius Vanderbilt whose business consolidation put the control of railroads in the hands of the few http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_ll5cwf0gEe1qdnrvz.jpg Jay Gould
Inventions Spur Manufacturing During the 1890s the U.S. patent Office registered almost 235,000 inventions Some of these inventions were refrigerated railcar, barbed wire, air brakes, typewriter, telephone Thomas Alva Edison invented the first successful incandescent light bulb Thomas Edison, 1878
Nikola Teslas Alternating-Current Motor made it possible: For water sources to locate away from waterfalls To transmit high voltage electricity For power sources to locate away from coal deposits For Westinghouse to defeat Edison http://www.thelivingmoon.com/49electric_universe/04images/Tesla_Papers/NikolaTesla01.jpg Nikola Tesla
Rockefeller & the Oil Trust In 1870 Rockefeller started the Standard Oil Company and decided to take over all other oil businesses Rockefeller perfected the idea of the holding company or a company that controlled other companies by holding a majority of their stock Rockefeller became a leading philanthropist
Carnegie & The Steel Industry Andrew Carnegie rose from poverty Carnegie made money in many areas, including oil railroads, iron and steel, and bridge building Carnegie wrote The Gospel of Wealth in 1889
J.P. Morgan, Financier http://cdn.dealbreaker.com/uploads/2012/12/jp_morgan.jpg Morgan was born wealthy and was an investment banker By the 1890s he controlled 1/6 of the nation s railway system Morgan s U.S. Steel Corporation a holding company for a variety of interests was the 1st billion dollar corporation
Sears & Roebuck After the Civil War w/ all the new inventions manufacturers came up w/ many new products The question was: how to get these products to isolated farms & small towns? Sears, Roebuck & Company was a pioneer in selling goods by mail Sears, Roebuck and Company Catalogue
Labor Conditions By modern-day standards working conditions were dreary and often dangerous By 1880 1 out of 6 children in the nation was working full time By 1881, only 7states had laws that children had to be at least 12 before they worked http://www.owdna.org/graphics/millvill2/childlabor.jpg Southern Cotton Mills
Disorganized Protest http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/maguires/marchpottsville.jpg It was very difficult for workers to organize unions There were strikes in the Penn. coalfields by an Irish group called the Molly Maguires Many of the Mollies were hanged
The Railroad Strike of 1877 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Harpers_8_11_1877_Blockade_of_Engines_at_Martinsburg_W_VA.jpg/300px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Blockade_of_Engines_at_Martinsburg_W_VA.jpg This was a more widespread labor incident and the 1st major interstate strike in American History The RR strike started b/c of a cut to workers wages This strike ended when the workers, who lacked organized bargaining power, returned to work
The Sand-Lot Incident http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dennis_Kearney.jpg/230px-Dennis_Kearney.jpg B/C of the 1870s depression there were anti-Chinese riots in San Francisco Denis Kearney started the Workingmen s party of CA which was based on this anti-Chinese sentiment In 1882 Congress voted to prohibit Chinese immigration Denis Kearney
Toward Permanent Unions National Labor Union started in 1866 Contract Labor Act Knights of Labor started in 1869 Anarchism many European Anarchists emigrated to the U.S. The Haymarket affair was blamed, probably unfairly, on seven anarchist leaders http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NVeJTO1W91k/TwUJX1SXICI/AAAAAAAAAB4/pQLe5ZQXtw4/s1600/Chicago.jpg
Gompers & the AFL Gompers served as president of the American Federation of Labor until 1924 The AFL was concerned more with concrete economic gains that with social of political reforms Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor
Mother Jones http://whatsthematterwithkansas.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Mother-Jones.jpg Lost her family in the 1867 yellow fever epidemic She worked for higher wages, shorter hours, safer workplaces, & restrictions on child labor She lost most of the strikes
Socialism & The Unions http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Daniel-DeLeon-1902.jpg/220px-Daniel-DeLeon-1902.jpg In 1877, followers of Karl Marx in America organized the Socialist Labor Party Daniel De Leon wrote that blue-collar violence and anarchy were the only paths to success Daniel De Leon
The Stance of Government Toward Business During this period the stance of the Supreme Court on liberty of contract could best be described as favorable toward business Between 1887 & 1897, the efforts by state & territorial governments to protect workers were thwarted by pro-business conservative judges http://www.studythepast.com/weekly/Photos/1896-supreme-court.jpg
