Understanding Database Management Systems (DBMS)

 
DBMS
 
It is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs
to access those data. The collection of data, usually
referred to as the database, contains information relevant
to an enterprise.
The database is a collection of inter-related data which is
used to retrieve, insert and delete the data efficiently. It is
also used to organize the data in the form of a table,
schema (a drawing that represents an idea or theory and
makes it easier to understand), views, and reports, etc.
The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and
retrieve database information that is both convenient and
efficient
 
 
 
Database management system is a software which is used
to manage the database. For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc
are a very popular commercial database which is used in
different applications.
DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations
like database creation, storing data in it, updating data,
creating a table in the database and a lot more.
It provides protection and security to the database. In the
case of multiple users, it also maintains data consistency.
 
Tasks
 
Data Definition:
 It is used for creation, modification, and
removal of definition that defines the organization of data
in the database.
Data Updation:
 It is used for the insertion, modification,
and deletion of the actual data in the database.
Data Retrieval:
 It is used to retrieve the data from the
database which can be used by applications for various
purposes.
User Administration:
 It is used for registering and
monitoring users, maintain data integrity, enforcing data
security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring
performance and recovering information corrupted by
unexpected failure.
 
DBMS
 
A datum
, a unit of data – is a symbol or a set of
symbols which is used to represent something.
Information
 is interpreted data – data supplied with
semantics (relating to meaning in language or logic)
Knowledge
 refers to the practical use of information.
While information can be transported, stored or shared
Knowledge necessarily involves a personal experience.
     Third person reading the results will have information
about it, while the person who conducted the
experiment personally will have knowledge about it
 
Characteristics of Database
 
  
1. Concurrent Use:
 A database system allows
several users to access the database concurrently.
Answering different questions from different
users with the same (base) data is a central
aspect of an information system
Example: (Bigger travel agency) The employees of
different branches can access the database
concurrently and book journeys for their clients.
Each travel agent sees on his interface if there are
still seats available for a specific journey or if it is
already fully booked.
 
Characteristics of Database
 
    2.  Structured and Described Data
Descriptions are basically details about the
extent, the structure, the type and the format
of all data and, additionally, the relationship
between the data. This kind of stored data is
called metadata ("data about data").
 
Characteristics of Database
 
     
3. Separation of Data and Applications:
An application software does not need any knowledge
about the physical data storage like encoding, format,
storage place, etc. It only communicates with the
DBMS via a standardized interface with the help of a
standardized language like SQL.
The access to the data and the metadata is entirely
done by the DBMS. In this way all the applications can
be totally separated from the data. Therefore database
internal re-organisations or improvement of efficiency
do not have any influence on the application software.
 
Characteristics of Database
 
    4. Data Integrity
(quality and reliability of the data )
 In a broader sense data integrity includes also
the protection of the database from
unauthorized access (confidentiality) and
unauthorized changes. Data reflect facts of
the real world.
 
Characteristics of Database
 
     5. Transactions
A transaction is a bundle of actions which are done within a
database to bring it from one consistent state to a new
consistent state.
Example: Transfer of an amount of money from one bank
account to another. The debit of the money from one
account and the credit of it to another account makes
together a consistent transaction. This transaction is also
atomic. The debit or credit alone would both lead to an
inconsistent state. After finishing the transaction (debit and
credit) the changes to both accounts become persistent
and the one who gave the money has now less money on
his account while the receiver has now a higher balance.
 
Characteristics of Database
 
   6.  Data Persistence:
All data is maintained as long as it is not deleted
explicitly. The life span of data needs to be
determined directly or indirectly by the user and
must not be dependent on system features.
Additionally data once stored in a database must
not be lost. Changes of a database which are
done by a transaction are persistent. When a
transaction is finished even a system crash cannot
put the data in danger
 
Database Administration
 
   A person who has central control over the system is called
database administrator.
 The function of DBA are:
1.
creation and modification of conceptual Schema
definition
2.
Implementation of storage structure and access method.
3.
schema and physical organization modifications.
4.
 granting of authorization for data access.
5.
 Integrity constraints specification.
6.
Execute immediate recovery procedure in case of failures
7.
ensure physical security to database
 
Advantages of DBMS
 
Controls database redundancy:
 
It can control data redundancy
because it stores all the data in one single database file and that
recorded data is placed in the database.
Data sharing:
 In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can
share the data among multiple users.
Easily Maintenance:
 It can be easily maintainable due to the
centralized nature of the database system.
Reduce time:
 It reduces development time and maintenance need.
Backup
:
 It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create
automatic backup of data from hardware and software failures and
restores the data if required.
multiple user interface:
 
It provides different types of user
interfaces like graphical user interfaces, application program
interfaces
 
Disadvantages of DBMS
 
Cost of Hardware and Software:
 It requires a high
speed of data processor and large memory size to run
DBMS software.
Size:
 It occupies a large space of disks and large
memory to run them efficiently.
Complexity:
 Database system creates additional
complexity and requirements.
Higher impact of failure:
 Failure is highly impacted the
database because in most of the organization, all the
data stored in a single database and if the database is
damaged due to electric failure or database corruption
then the data may be lost forever.
 
Applications
 
Banking:
 all transactions
Airlines:
 reservations, schedules
Universities
: registration, grades
Sales:
 customers, products, purchases
Online retailers:
 order tracking, customized
recommendations
Manufacturing:
 production, inventory, orders,
supply chain
Human resources:
 employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
 
Database language
 
    1) Data definition language(DDL): 
DDL is used to define database
objects. The conceptual schema is specified by a set of definitions
expressed by this language. It also give some details about how to
implement this schema in the physical devices used to store the
data. This definition includes all the entity sets and their associated
attributes and their relation ships. The result of DDL statements will
be a set of tables that are stored in special file called data
dictionary.
It is a language that allows the users to define data and their
relationship to other types of data. It is mainly used to create files,
databases, data dictionary and tables within databases.
 
.
 
Database language
 
    It is also used to specify the structure of each table, set of
associated values with each attribute, integrity constraints,
security and authorization 
information
 for each table and
physical storage structure of each table on disk. The following
table gives an overview about usage of DDL statements in SQL
 
Database language
 
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
A DML is a language that enables users to access or
manipulate data stored in the database. Data
manipulation involves retrieval of data from the
database, insertion of new data into the database and
deletion of data or modification of existing data.
There are basically two types of DML:
- Procedural: Which requires a user to specify what
data is needed and how to get it.
- Non-rocedural: which requires a user to specify what
data is needed with out specifying how to get it
 
Database language
 
It is a language that provides a set of
operations to support the basic data
manipulation operations on the data held in
the databases. It allows users to insert,
update, delete and retrieve data from the
database. The part of DML that involves data
retrieval is called a query language.
 
Database language
 
The following table gives an overview about
the usage of DML statements in SQL:
 
Database language
 
Data Control Language (DCL)
DCL statements control access to data and the
database using statements such as GRANT and
REVOKE. A privilege can either be granted to a
User with the help of GRANT statement. The
privileges assigned can be SELECT, ALTER,
DELETE, EXECUTE, INSERT, INDEX etc. In
addition to granting of privileges, you can also
revoke (taken back) it by using REVOKE
command.
 
Database language
 
The following table gives an overview about
the usage of DCL statements in SQL:
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A Database Management System (DBMS) is a crucial tool for organizing, storing, and managing data efficiently. It allows users to create, update, retrieve, and delete data effectively, ensuring data consistency and security. DBMS software like MySQL and Oracle provide interfaces for various database operations like data definition, updation, retrieval, and user administration. This system enables concurrent use, where multiple users can access the database simultaneously to perform tasks like booking journeys or managing enterprise information.


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  1. DBMS It is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. The collection of data, usually referred to as the database, contains information relevant to an enterprise. The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and delete the data efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table, schema (a drawing that represents an idea or theory and makes it easier to understand), views, and reports, etc. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information that is both convenient and efficient

  2. Database management system is a software which is used to manage the database. For example: MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial database which is used in different applications. DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation, storing data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more. It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it also maintains data consistency.

  3. Tasks Data Definition: It is used for creation, modification, and removal of definition that defines the organization of data in the database. Data Updation: It is used for the insertion, modification, and deletion of the actual data in the database. Data Retrieval: It is used to retrieve the data from the database which can be used by applications for various purposes. User Administration: It is used for registering and monitoring users, maintain data integrity, enforcing data security, dealing with concurrency control, monitoring performance and recovering information corrupted by unexpected failure.

  4. DBMS A datum, a unit of data is a symbol or a set of symbols which is used to represent something. Information is interpreted data data supplied with semantics (relating to meaning in language or logic) Knowledge refers to the practical use of information. While information can be transported, stored or shared Knowledge necessarily involves a personal experience. Third person reading the results will have information about it, while the person who conducted the experiment personally will have knowledge about it

  5. Characteristics of Database 1. Concurrent Use: A database system allows several users to access the database concurrently. Answering different questions from different users with the same (base) data is a central aspect of an information system Example: (Bigger travel agency) The employees of different branches can access the database concurrently and book journeys for their clients. Each travel agent sees on his interface if there are still seats available for a specific journey or if it is already fully booked.

  6. Characteristics of Database 2. Structured and Described Data Descriptions are basically details about the extent, the structure, the type and the format of all data and, additionally, the relationship between the data. This kind of stored data is called metadata ("data about data").

  7. Characteristics of Database 3. Separation of Data and Applications: An application software does not need any knowledge about the physical data storage like encoding, format, storage place, etc. It only communicates with the DBMS via a standardized interface with the help of a standardized language like SQL. The access to the data and the metadata is entirely done by the DBMS. In this way all the applications can be totally separated from the data. Therefore database internal re-organisations or improvement of efficiency do not have any influence on the application software.

  8. Characteristics of Database 4. Data Integrity (quality and reliability of the data ) In a broader sense data integrity includes also the protection of the database from unauthorized access (confidentiality) and unauthorized changes. Data reflect facts of the real world.

  9. Characteristics of Database 5. Transactions A transaction is a bundle of actions which are done within a database to bring it from one consistent state to a new consistent state. Example: Transfer of an amount of money from one bank account to another. The debit of the money from one account and the credit of it to another account makes together a consistent transaction. This transaction is also atomic. The debit or credit alone would both lead to an inconsistent state. After finishing the transaction (debit and credit) the changes to both accounts become persistent and the one who gave the money has now less money on his account while the receiver has now a higher balance.

  10. Characteristics of Database 6. Data Persistence: All data is maintained as long as it is not deleted explicitly. The life span of data needs to be determined directly or indirectly by the user and must not be dependent on system features. Additionally data once stored in a database must not be lost. Changes of a database which are done by a transaction are persistent. When a transaction is finished even a system crash cannot put the data in danger

  11. Database Administration A person who has central control over the system is called database administrator. The function of DBA are: 1. creation and modification of conceptual Schema definition 2. Implementation of storage structure and access method. 3. schema and physical organization modifications. 4. granting of authorization for data access. 5. Integrity constraints specification. 6. Execute immediate recovery procedure in case of failures 7. ensure physical security to database

  12. Advantages of DBMS Controls database redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all the data in one single database file and that recorded data is placed in the database. Data sharing: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data among multiple users. Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the database system. Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need. Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of data from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required. multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user interfaces, application program interfaces

  13. Disadvantages of DBMS Cost of Hardware and Software: It requires a high speed of data processor and large memory size to run DBMS software. Size: It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently. Complexity: Database system creates additional complexity and requirements. Higher impact of failure: Failure is highly impacted the database because in most of the organization, all the data stored in a single database and if the database is damaged due to electric failure or database corruption then the data may be lost forever.

  14. Applications Banking: all transactions Airlines: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades Sales: customers, products, purchases Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

  15. Database language 1) Data definition language(DDL): DDL is used to define database objects. The conceptual schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by this language. It also give some details about how to implement this schema in the physical devices used to store the data. This definition includes all the entity sets and their associated attributes and their relation ships. The result of DDL statements will be a set of tables that are stored in special file called data dictionary. It is a language that allows the users to define data and their relationship to other types of data. It is mainly used to create files, databases, data dictionary and tables within databases. .

  16. Database language It is also used to specify the structure of each table, set of associated values with each attribute, integrity constraints, security and authorization information for each table and physical storage structure of each table on disk. The following table gives an overview about usage of DDL statements in SQL

  17. Database language Data Manipulation Language (DML) A DML is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data stored in the database. Data manipulation involves retrieval of data from the database, insertion of new data into the database and deletion of data or modification of existing data. There are basically two types of DML: - Procedural: Which requires a user to specify what data is needed and how to get it. - Non-rocedural: which requires a user to specify what data is needed with out specifying how to get it

  18. Database language It is a language that provides a set of operations to support the basic data manipulation operations on the data held in the databases. It allows users to insert, update, delete and retrieve data from the database. The part of DML that involves data retrieval is called a query language.

  19. Database language The following table gives an overview about the usage of DML statements in SQL:

  20. Database language Data Control Language (DCL) DCL statements control access to data and the database using statements such as GRANT and REVOKE. A privilege can either be granted to a User with the help of GRANT statement. The privileges assigned can be SELECT, ALTER, DELETE, EXECUTE, INSERT, INDEX etc. In addition to granting of privileges, you can also revoke (taken back) it by using REVOKE command.

  21. Database language The following table gives an overview about the usage of DCL statements in SQL:

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