Ancient Egyptian Stele of Merneptah II and Israel: Historical Inscriptions
The Stele of Merneptah II, dating back to around 1220 BC, provides insights into ancient Egyptian victories in Libya, pacification of the Hittite Empire, and the desolation of Israel. It is one of the oldest references to Israel outside the Bible, shedding light on historical events and the status of different lands during that era. The inscriptions on the stele exemplify the power dynamics and conquests of the time.
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The Stele of Merneptah II (ca. 1220 BC) Great rejoicing has arisen in Egypt, jubilation has issued from the towns of T0-Meri [another name for Egypt]; they recount the victories which Merne-ptah wrought in Tehnu [i.e. Lybia]. How beloved he is, the victorious ruler! How exalted is the king among the gods! (Thomas) The princes lie prostrate, saying, Mercy! No one raises his head among the Nine-Bows [an Egyptian idiom for subjugated peoples
The Stele of Merneptah II (ca. 1220 BC) Desolation is for Tehenu [i.e. Lybia]. Hatti [i.e. the Hittite Empire] is pacified. Plundered is Canaan with every evil; carried off is Ashkelon; seized upon is Gezer. Yanoam [an unknown town] is made as that which does not exist All lands together , they are pacified; everyone who was restless, has been bound by the king (Pritchard).
The Stele of Merneptah II (ca. 1220 BC) Israel lies desolate, its seed is no more. The Oldest Reference to Israel Outside of the Bible
The Seed of Israel Abraham (Gen. 22:15-18). Israel (Gen. 28:10-14; 32:28). In Egypt (Exod. 1:1-11).
The Seed of Israel Sons of Abraham (Gal. 3:5-9, 13-18). Fleshly Israel (1 Cor. 10:18). Israel of God (Gal. 6:15-16). Not All Israel (Rom. 9:6-8). Jew Inwardly (Rom. 2:25-29).
The Seed of Israel Flesh vs. Spirit (Rom. 9:1-5; 10:1-4). The Remnant (Rom. 11:1-5). All Israel will be Saved (Rom. 11:25-27). Salvation for Israel (Acts 13:15-24).
