Understanding Genetic Engineering and Genetic Variation

Genetic engineering plays a crucial role in manipulating genes to produce desired traits in organisms. Concepts like the origin of genetics, laws of segregation and independent assortment, and nucleic acid structure are fundamental in this field. Understanding the difference between the nuclei of egg cells and somatic cells, advantages of producing genetically identical animals, and applications like antifreeze in farmed fish and pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals provide insights into the vast potential of genetic engineering.

• Genetic engineering
• Genetics
• Nucleic acid
• Laws of genetics
• Gene manipulation

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1. 2.5.9 Genetic Engineering 2.5.10.H Origin of the Science of Genetics 2.5.11.H Law of Segregation 2.5.12.H Law of Independent Assortment 2.5.13.H Dihybrid Cross 2.5.14.H Nucleic Acid Structure and Function Follow-Me iQuiz

2. Q. What is the difference between a nucleus of an egg cell and that of a somatic (body) cell of an animal? antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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4. Q. Suggest an advantage of producing genetically identical animals. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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6. Q. What is meant by genetic engineering? antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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8. Q. State an application of genetic engineering involving a micro- organism. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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10. Q. Isolation, cutting (or restriction), transformation (or ligation), introduction of base sequence (changes) and expression are all processes involved in antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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12. Q. Separation of a pair of allelic genes during meiosis resulting in each gamete having only one of the pair of genes is known as antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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14. Q. Explain why linked genes do not assort independently. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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16. Q. Suggest a disadvantage of producing genetically identical animals. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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18. Q. During gamete formation each member of a pair of genes may combine randomly with either of another pair. This is known as antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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20. Q. Name the two types of nitrogenous base found in DNA. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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22. Q. Explain the term transformation in the context of genetic engineering. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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24. Q. Explain the term isolation in the context of genetic engineering. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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26. Q. In genetics, what is meant by sex linkage? antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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28. Q. What term is used to describe alleles that lie on the same chromosome? antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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30. Q. State an application of genetic engineering involving a plant. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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32. Q. Explain the term ligation in the context of genetic engineering. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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34. Q. Name a condition in humans that is governed by a sex-linked allele. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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36. Q. Which nitrogenous base can link only to thymine? antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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38. Q. Explain the term expression in the context of genetic engineering. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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40. Q. State an application of genetic engineering involving an animal. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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42. Q. Which nitrogenous base can link only to cytosine? antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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44. Q. Explain the term restriction (cutting) in the context of genetic engineering. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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46. Q. Name the type of bonding which occurs between members of a base pair in the DNA molecule. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

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48. Q. Name a cell organelle, apart from the nucleus, in which DNA is found. antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines antifreeze in farmed fish; Pharmaceuticals from transgenic animals Hydrogen Purines; Pyrimidines Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Lack of variation; Prone to disease Adenine Same wool quality Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme Law of Independent Assortment Segregation Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Slow ripening tomatoes; Herbicide resistant plants; Freeze-resistant plants The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product Egg cell is haploid; Somatic cell is diploid Linked Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid Gene on sex (or X or Y) chromosome Locating/removing of a gene or a plasmid The activation of the inserted gene; Production of product The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes The joining of DNA or plasmid or gene Genetic engineering Manipulation of genes Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Mitochondrion; Chloroplast The uptake of DNA or plasmid or gene Guanine Haemophilia; Colour blindness Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Production of hormones, enzymes or interferon Transmitted on the same chromosome Haemophilia; Colour blindness Transmitted on the same chromosome

49. CONGRATULATIONS You re Brilliant

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