Understanding Public Policy-Making Process in Government

Public Administration
N5
 
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I
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The SA Constitution states that government authorities and officials must
ensure that all citizens, especially the poor, and other vulnerable groups,
have equal access to basic services. Public policy is therefore necessary to
determine which services communities need and what kinds of development
are needed.
 
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A set of common rules and guidelines have emerged over time, which has
enabled communities to deliver basic services and to manage any
differences which exist among individuals and groups effectively.
 
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Planning is a thought activity that involves the individual and/or group’s
imagination, logic and vision. Objectives define and state the purpose of an
institution. Policy-making is the process in which actions and interactions are
taken by all spheres and levels of government in the interest of all citizens.
 
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Internal factors include:
Conditions of
establishment;
Political assignment;
Legality according to the
state and administrative
law;
Financial means;
Personnel abilities; and
Physical facilities.
 
External factors include:
Circumstances;
Needs and expectations of the population;
Policies of political parties;
Activities and representations of interest
groups;
Personal views of political executive office-
bearers; and
Research, investigations and views of
experienced public officials.
 
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The policy-making process can be divided into three groups, namely:
The policy-making processes;
The policy-implementation processes; and
Policy analysis and evaluation processes.
 
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The following institutions are involved in determining a policy:
Legislative institutions;
Executive councils and committees;
Commissions and committees of enquiry;
Select, standing and joint committee of parliament;
Cabinet committees; and
Internal auxiliary services and staff units.
 
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Policy-making take place on four levels namely:
Political-party policy;
Government policy;
Departmental policy; and
Administrative policy.
 
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Public policy must be:
Authoritative;
Enforceable;
Flexible and adaptable;
Feasible;
Clear; and
Public.
 
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There are numerous role players involved in policy-making. These include
but are not limited to:
 
The population;
Individuals;
Interest or pressure groups;
Legislative institutions; and
Political executive institutions.
 
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It is important for policy-makers to have the necessary capacity and
opportunity to continuously adapt public policy to the changing
circumstances of the people.
 
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An organisational unit or an institution within the public sector consists of
people who have to co-operate with each other to achieve political
objectives.
 
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Organising takes place when all tasks and responsibilities and functions are
grouped together to achieve the goals of the organisation. Positions must be
arranged in such a way that the personnel are willing to co-operate with each
other to achieve an objective.
 
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The country is strongly managed by political parties. These functions include:
Legislative;
Executive; and
judicial functions.
 
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There is the:
Classical classification theory which states that the main purpose of an
organisation unit is to carry out duties directed by political office-bearers
(public sector approach); and the
Modern/contemporary classification theory which states that the main
purpose is to make a profit (private sector approach).
 
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Horizontal division of work:
 
Vertical assignment of authority
:
 
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The organising process has to be done in writing;
Organisational charts, manuals and procedure codes can be used to
communicate important information to staff members; and
All the functions performed by public officials must be accounted for.
 
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O
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S
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There are three types of systems which can be used in an organisation:
The line system;
The functional system; and
The line and staff organisation.
 
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Every organisation needs a structure in order to operate efficiently.
Hierarchical structures can be used by an organisation if the structure fits
into the nature of the workload. Delegation is also important as one of the
core concepts of management and leadership.
 
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I
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The government’s financial status works exactly like any individual person’s
account; it can only spend what was received during the previous financial
year. The budget is important to consider as it outlines new policies which
should be to improve the general welfare of all South Africans.
 
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The state does not have its own money; it is the money belonging to the
public. The state has a strict budget, with which activities have to be
organised. Each financial year, the state budget starts at R0,00 and is
estimated over a period of 12 months.
 
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Specific theoretical frameworks have been developed for government
finance. These frameworks explore:
Government funds (which are public funds);
State departments;
State budget; and
The financial year as a fixed period.
 
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The budget can be divided into four phases, namely:
The preparation phase;
The approval phase;
The execution/implementation phase; and
The control phase.
 
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The state budget has the following characteristics:
It is a policy document;
It is a working programme;
It stands as a source of information; and
It is an instrument of control.
 
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The following institutions play an insignificant role in government finance:
 
Parliament;
Joint committee on public accounts;
Department of State Expenditure;
The South African Reserve Bank;
The Minister of Finance;
 
Accounting officers;
Departmental accountants;
The Auditor-General;
Legislators; and
Financial and Fiscal Commission.
 
 
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Budgets can be classified according to:
 
Type:
Income budgets;
Expense budgets; and
Capital budgets.
 
Period:
Main budget;
Supplementary budget; and
Additional budget.
 
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The sources of income of the state can be classified as follows:
 
Revenue from state enterprises/profitable
institutions;
Interest on dividends;
Levies;
License fees;
 
Fines and bail forfeitures;
Taxes;
Loans; and
Special funds and accounts.
 
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F
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C
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L
Managing government finances is critical important to ensure that quality
services are provided to the people.
 
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C
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Governmental finances are connected to all the activities of the government.
Adequate service delivery should be based on adequate funding and proper
budgeting and planning. Political executive institutions have a responsibility
to manage their budgets effectively so that they become accountable,
responsible and transparent within the legal framework.
 
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I
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The staffing of public institutions involves all generic activities which
constitute the functions of personnel officials. These functions include:
Personnel policy and procedures;
Personnel financing;
Personnel organisation;
Personnel control; and
Personnel management.
 
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S
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The following systems have developed over the years and have been in
force in many countries:
Aristocratic system;
Democratic system;
Spoils system; and
Merit system.
 
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P
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A
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N
The personnel administration refers to the total involvement of human
resources in a public institution. Personnel administration covers two areas:
Functionally specialised activities; and
Administrative activities.
 
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F
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These functions include the following:
Determining policy;
Organising;
Staffing
Financing;
Work procedures; and
Control.
 
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F
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These functions include the following:
 
Establishment of posts;
Recruitment;
Placement of candidates;
Trial appointments;
Evaluation of work performance;
 
Promotion;
Transfer and reassignment;
Termination of service and
retirement; and
Affirmative action.
 
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S
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The government grants officials additional benefits which are
generally referred to as fringe benefits. Determining service benefits should
be done with insight and skill to prevent unnecessary conflict
 
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C
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L
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I
O
N
A personnel policy can be beneficial to both an organisation and the
employees. Service benefits should be provided to employees in order to
create a sense of loyalty to the employer and indicate the employer cares for
their wellbeing.
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Explore the intricacies of public policy-making in government administration, focusing on the importance of providing equal access to basic services for all citizens. Delve into the nature of public policy, factors influencing policy-making, and the procedural aspects involved, including planning, objective determination, decision-making, and policy analysis. Discover the key institutions involved in shaping and implementing policies for the betterment of society.


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  1. Public Administration N5

  2. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making INTRODUCTION The SA Constitution states that government authorities and officials must ensure that all citizens, especially the poor, and other vulnerable groups, have equal access to basic services. Public policy is therefore necessary to determine which services communities need and what kinds of development are needed. www.futuremanagers.com

  3. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making (continued) THE NATURE OF PUBLIC POLICY A set of common rules and guidelines have emerged over time, which has enabled communities to deliver basic services and to manage any differences which exist among individuals and groups effectively. www.futuremanagers.com

  4. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making (continued) PLANNING, DETERMINING OBJECTIVES, DECISION-MAKING AND POLICY-MAKING Planning is a thought activity that involves the individual and/or group s imagination, logic and vision. Objectives define and state the purpose of an institution. Policy-making is the process in which actions and interactions are taken by all spheres and levels of government in the interest of all citizens. www.futuremanagers.com

  5. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making (continued) FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE POLICY-MAKING Internal factors include: Conditions of establishment; Political assignment; Legality according to the state and administrative law; Financial means; Personnel abilities; and Physical facilities. External factors include: Circumstances; Needs and expectations of the population; Policies of political parties; Activities and representations of interest groups; Personal views of political executive office- bearers; and Research, investigations and views of experienced public officials. www.futuremanagers.com

  6. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making (continued) POLICY-MAKING PROCEDURE The policy-making process can be divided into three groups, namely: The policy-making processes; The policy-implementation processes; and Policy analysis and evaluation processes. www.futuremanagers.com

  7. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making (continued) INSTITUTIONS INVOLVE IN POLICY-MAKING The following institutions are involved in determining a policy: Legislative institutions; Executive councils and committees; Commissions and committees of enquiry; Select, standing and joint committee of parliament; Cabinet committees; and Internal auxiliary services and staff units. www.futuremanagers.com

  8. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making (continued) POLICY LEVELS Policy-making take place on four levels namely: Political-party policy; Government policy; Departmental policy; and Administrative policy. www.futuremanagers.com

  9. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making (continued) CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY Public policy must be: Authoritative; Enforceable; Flexible and adaptable; Feasible; Clear; and Public. www.futuremanagers.com

  10. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making (continued) ROLE PLAYERS IN PUBLIC POLICY-MAKING There are numerous role players involved in policy-making. These include but are not limited to: The population; Individuals; Interest or pressure groups; Legislative institutions; and Political executive institutions. www.futuremanagers.com

  11. Module 1 - Policy and Policy-Making (continued) CONCLUSION It is important for policy-makers to have the necessary capacity and opportunity to continuously adapt public policy to the changing circumstances of the people. www.futuremanagers.com

  12. Module 2 - Organising INTRODUCTION An organisational unit or an institution within the public sector consists of people who have to co-operate with each other to achieve political objectives. www.futuremanagers.com

  13. Module 2 - Organising (continued) WHAT IS ORGANISING? Organising takes place when all tasks and responsibilities and functions are grouped together to achieve the goals of the organisation. Positions must be arranged in such a way that the personnel are willing to co-operate with each other to achieve an objective. www.futuremanagers.com

  14. Module 2 - Organising (continued) POLITICAL FACILITATION The country is strongly managed by political parties. These functions include: Legislative; Executive; and judicial functions. www.futuremanagers.com

  15. Module 2 - Organising (continued) ORGANISATIONAL THEORIES There is the: Classical classification theory which states that the main purpose of an organisation unit is to carry out duties directed by political office-bearers (public sector approach); and the Modern/contemporary classification theory which states that the main purpose is to make a profit (private sector approach). www.futuremanagers.com

  16. Module 2 - Organising (continued) INTERNAL ORGANISATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Vertical assignment of authority: Horizontal division of work: www.futuremanagers.com

  17. Module 2 - Organising (continued) AIDS IN ORGANISING The organising process has to be done in writing; Organisational charts, manuals and procedure codes can be used to communicate important information to staff members; and All the functions performed by public officials must be accounted for. www.futuremanagers.com

  18. Module 2 - Organising (continued) ORGANISATIONAL SYSTEMS There are three types of systems which can be used in an organisation: The line system; The functional system; and The line and staff organisation. www.futuremanagers.com

  19. Module 2 - Organising (continued) CONCLUSION Every organisation needs a structure in order to operate efficiently. Hierarchical structures can be used by an organisation if the structure fits into the nature of the workload. Delegation is also important as one of the core concepts of management and leadership. www.futuremanagers.com

  20. Module 3 - Financing INTRODUCTION The government s financial status works exactly like any individual person s account; it can only spend what was received during the previous financial year. The budget is important to consider as it outlines new policies which should be to improve the general welfare of all South Africans. www.futuremanagers.com

  21. Module 3 Financing (continued) NATURE OF STATE FINANCES The state does not have its own money; it is the money belonging to the public. The state has a strict budget, with which activities have to be organised. Each financial year, the state budget starts at R0,00 and is estimated over a period of 12 months. www.futuremanagers.com

  22. Module 3 Financing (continued) GENERAL FINANCIAL THEORIES Specific theoretical frameworks have been developed for government finance. These frameworks explore: Government funds (which are public funds); State departments; State budget; and The financial year as a fixed period. www.futuremanagers.com

  23. Module 3 Financing (continued) PHASES OF STATE FINANCES The budget can be divided into four phases, namely: The preparation phase; The approval phase; The execution/implementation phase; and The control phase. www.futuremanagers.com

  24. Module 3 Financing (continued) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET The state budget has the following characteristics: It is a policy document; It is a working programme; It stands as a source of information; and It is an instrument of control. www.futuremanagers.com

  25. Module 3 Financing (continued) INSTITUTIONS CONCERNED WITH STATE FINANCES The following institutions play an insignificant role in government finance: Parliament; Accounting officers; Joint committee on public accounts; Departmental accountants; Department of State Expenditure; The Auditor-General; The South African Reserve Bank; Legislators; and The Minister of Finance; Financial and Fiscal Commission. www.futuremanagers.com

  26. Module 3 Financing (continued) TYPES OF BUDGETS Budgets can be classified according to: Type: Period: Income budgets; Main budget; Expense budgets; and Supplementary budget; and Capital budgets. Additional budget. www.futuremanagers.com

  27. Module 3 Financing (continued) SOURCES OF INCOME OF THE STATE The sources of income of the state can be classified as follows: Revenue from state enterprises/profitable Fines and bail forfeitures; institutions; Taxes; Interest on dividends; Loans; and Levies; Special funds and accounts. License fees; www.futuremanagers.com

  28. Module 3 Financing (continued) FINANCIAL CONTROL Managing government finances is critical important to ensure that quality services are provided to the people. www.futuremanagers.com

  29. Module 3 Financing (continued) CONCLUSION Governmental finances are connected to all the activities of the government. Adequate service delivery should be based on adequate funding and proper budgeting and planning. Political executive institutions have a responsibility to manage their budgets effectively so that they become accountable, responsible and transparent within the legal framework. www.futuremanagers.com

  30. Module 4 - Personnel Administration INTRODUCTION The staffing of public institutions involves all generic activities which constitute the functions of personnel officials. These functions include: Personnel policy and procedures; Personnel financing; Personnel organisation; Personnel control; and Personnel management. www.futuremanagers.com

  31. Module 4 Personnel Administration (continued) PERSONNEL HUMAN RESOURCE SYSTEMS The following systems have developed over the years and have been in force in many countries: Aristocratic system; Democratic system; Spoils system; and Merit system. www.futuremanagers.com

  32. Module 4 Personnel Administration (continued) PERSONNEL/HR ADMINISTRATION The personnel administration refers to the total involvement of human resources in a public institution. Personnel administration covers two areas: Functionally specialised activities; and Administrative activities. www.futuremanagers.com

  33. Module 4 Personnel Administration (continued) GENERIC PERSONNEL-ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS These functions include the following: Determining policy; Organising; Staffing Financing; Work procedures; and Control. www.futuremanagers.com

  34. Module 4 Personnel Administration (continued) FUNCTIONAL PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS These functions include the following: Establishment of posts; Promotion; Recruitment; Transfer and reassignment; Placement of candidates; Termination of service and Trial appointments; retirement; and Evaluation of work performance; Affirmative action. www.futuremanagers.com

  35. Module 4 Personnel Administration (continued) SUPPORT FUNCTIONS The government grants officials additional benefits which are generally referred to as fringe benefits. Determining service benefits should be done with insight and skill to prevent unnecessary conflict www.futuremanagers.com

  36. Module 4 Personnel Administration (continued) CONLUSION A personnel policy can be beneficial to both an organisation and the employees. Service benefits should be provided to employees in order to create a sense of loyalty to the employer and indicate the employer cares for their wellbeing. www.futuremanagers.com

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