CEPASSOC Research Project: Understanding Social Protection for Platform Workers

CEPASSOC Research Project, led by Dr. Claire Marzo, focuses on social protections for platform workers in Europe. The project aims to test the concept of social citizenship as a normative framework for universalization. It covers five hypotheses, three objects, and involves three disciplines across five countries. The objectives include understanding social protection for platform workers and exploring means to access protections such as healthcare, unemployment benefits, and training. Various workshops, meetings, and dissemination activities are planned until 2024. Visit the project website for more information.

• CEPASSOC
• Research Project
• Social Protection
• Platform Workers
• Social Citizenship

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1. The CEPASSOC research project European Economic and Social Committee Online Public Hearing on Imbalances in social protection in general and specifically for the "new forms of work" and "atypical workers" Dr Claire Marzo Paris-East University, France Coordinator of the CEPASSOC project (n ANR-20-CE26-001-01) website: https://cepassoc.hypotheses.org/

2. (3/2021 - 3/2024) Projet N ANR-20-CE26-001-01

3. Focus: Platform workers Platform: Definition: a form of employment in which organisations or individuals use an online platform to access other organisations or individuals to solve problems or provide services in exchange for payment . https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/industrial- relations-dictionary/platform-work; (15/4/20); European Commission Communication, COM 2016/184.

4. Objectives 1) Understandplatform workers social protection 2) Test the relevance of social citizenship as a normative framework for universalisation

5. 5 hypotheses 3 objects 3 disciplines 5 countries + Means to access these protections Access to healthcare Acces to unemployment benefits Access to training Law History Sociology France Sweden United Kindom Spain Portugal European Union + Social citizenship, a model?

6. Calendrier/Calendar Workers Workshop Mid- project Meeting Mar 2021 Mar 2023 Mar 2022 Dissemination Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Fev WEB 1 WEB 2 WEB 3 WEB 4 WEB 5 WEB 6 WEB 7 WEB 8 WEB 9 WEB 10 WEB 11 WEB 12 WEB 13 WEB 14 WEB 15 WEB 16 WEB 17 WEB 18 Data analysis Data collection Policy recommendations Final Meeting Conference Kick-off Meeting EU & Foundations of social protection Conference Healthcare Meeting Training Meeting Income Meeting States Meeting International Meetings

7. Le site CEPASSOC CEPASSOC website https://cepassoc.hypotheses.org/ News and events Publications

8. Conclusions of the project: Conclusions of the project: Structure of the presentation Structure of the presentation Thinking outside the box I. Escaping the subordinate/non-subordinate worker dichotomy in the field of platform work? A. Beveridge wins over Bismarck? B. The platform worker exception? II. Social citizenship? A. Philosophy B. Implementation III. Universal rights? A. Definition B. Implementation

9. I. I. Escaping Escaping the worker worker dichotomy dichotomy in the A. Beveridge wins over Bismarck? the subordinate subordinate/non in the field /non- -subordinate subordinate field of of platform platform work work? ? Diverse traditions Smoothing delimitations But Bismarckian limits + Work accidents, sickness and maternity risk + Income and duration thresholds (vesting periods, waiting periods, minimum work periods, duration of benefits)

10. I. I. Escaping Escaping the worker worker dichotomy dichotomy in the B. The platform worker exception? the subordinate subordinate/non in the field /non- -subordinate subordinate field of of platform platform work work? ? General framework: independent work Sometimes specific laws (France: El Kohmri, LOM) and specific cases(Uber Case Cour de Cassation, etc ) Overall, social security disadvantages for independant platform workers

11. II. Social II. Social citizenship citizenship? ? A. Philosophy Social citizenship Civil Social the whole range from the right to a economic welfare security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in society (Marshall, 1949) Citizenship modicum of Industrial Political and -ship Citizen Social citizen- ship Citize nship Limits: Personal scope of citizenship versus residence Healthcare Set of RIghts Minimum benefits Lifelong training Status Psycho

12. II. Social II. Social citizenship citizenship? ? B. Implementation UK and Beveridge: first attempt at categorisation of universality I. Employees, that is, persons whose normal occupation is employment under contract of service. II. Others gainfully occupied, including employers, traders and independent workers of all kinds. III. Housewives, that is married women of working age. IV. Others of working age not gainfully occupied. V. Below working age. VI. Retired above working age Scandinavian perspective From cradle to grave Dependance on age and needs Equality of Men and women Universal rights disconnected from labour market Gosta Esping-Andersen : de-commodification Financed by tax Participation to economic activity and incentives

13. III. Universal III. Universal rights A. 2 Definitions: horizontal and vertical rights? ? 1) Which extends to all World (UDHR) Region Legal category 2) Which covers equally (Roman) Axiological (community of values), Juridical/Legal (univocal proclamation of rights) Effective (mechanisms for justiciable rights)

14. III. Universal rights B. Implementation: International and European reports and proposals ILO 2019 Berg et al. ILO 2021 CONSENSUS: Adaptation of social insurance for greater coverage of all forms of employment Effectiveness G7 Social 2019 OECD 2018 European Union: Legal bases (21 European citizenship, 45, 48, 153 TFEU, + Fundamental rights) European Pillar of social rights Platform directive Minimum wage directive Social protection recommendation Towards a new text? EU Council proposition on social protection 2019 Social protection report EU 2017 EU directive proposition on platform workers 2022? Robin et al. 2020 European Agenda 2016 Robin et al. 2020 Robin et al. 2020 Robin et al. 2020 Robin et al. 2020

15. Conclusions An analysis context-dependent Implementation in all Member States (subsidiarity) European social citizenship as a goal Universality as hard law? Universality understood as no voluntary affiliation (effectiveness) Universality on a horizontal and vertical bases (adequacy) A need to finance protection for ALL (via tax?) (sustainability)

16. CEPASSOC final report soon available @ HAL Thank you! Claire Marzo, claire.marzo@u-pec.fr CEPASSOC, https://cepassoc.hypotheses.org/ cepassoc@u-pec.fr