Understanding Doping Testing in Competitive Sports

 
Dope test
 
In competitive sports, 
doping
 is the use of banned 
 by athletic competitors. The
term 
doping
 is widely used by organizations that regulate
sporting competitions. The use of drugs to enhance
performance is considered unethical, and therefore
prohibited, by most international sports organizations,
including the 
.
International Olympic Committeeperformance-enhancing drugsathletic
 
 
Doping testing is an activity that is strictly
specified in the International Standard for
Testing and Investigations. 
Urine, blood 
or
both are collected as test samples. Doping
testing takes place both at competitions and
outside of them.
 
 
Doping test types
There are two types of doping tests: 
in-
competition tests and out-of-competition
tests.
 An athlete can be summoned to testing
at 
any time and anywhere
, either in their
home country or abroad. The athlete is invited
in person.
 
In-competition tests
 
In-competition tests refer to doping tests
performed 
in connection with a competition
event. 
Unless otherwise specified in the rules
of the international or another relevant
antidoping organisation, this refers to a period
starting 
12 hours prior to the competition and
ending at the end of the competition 
and the
related collection of samples.
 
Out-of-competition tests
 
Targeted doping tests are also carried out
outside of competitions. Out-of-competition
samples are tested for non-approved
substances, anabolic agents, peptide
hormones, growth factors and similar
substances, ß2-agonists, hormone and
metabolism modulators, diuretics and other
masking agents as well as all prohibited
methods.
 
Sample types
 
Doping tests consist of taking a urine sample or a
blood sample or both. A blood sample does not
replace a urine test, because it concerns primarily
different substances and different methods.
Urine tests
Doping control is most often carried out based on
urine tests. The urine sample is used in analysing
the use of prohibited substances and methods.
 
 
Blood tests
 
Blood samples may be taken for identifying
prohibited substances and methods, for
screening or as a part 
of long-term monitoring
in order to create an athlete's personal profile.
Blood tests are carried out, for example, in
order to 
detect growth hormone and the use
of various artificial substances and methods
related to the manipulation of blood.
Most accurate way of test
 
Breath test
 
Quickly determine alcohol conc.
Breath analyzer is the instrument used for it
Hair test
Alcohol is deposited directly in the hair
Saliva drug screen/oral fluid based
screen
 
Sweat drug screen
 
Sweat patches are attached to the skin to
collect sweat for a long period of time (upto
14 days)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Effects of Exercise on Muscles
 
The effects of 
exercise
 or any 
physical activity
 on 
muscles
depend
on:
Type of physical activity
 e.g. walking, playing tennis, playing bowls
Intensity of the activity
 e.g. gentle slow walk or 200m sprint
Duration of the activity
 e.g. 30 mins or 4 hours
The effects of exercise on muscles include both 
short term 
and 
long
term
 changes due to physical exercise:
Short term
 effects of exercise persist during the activity itself and
perhaps for a short time afterwards.
Long term
 effects of exercise are on-going and can apply for much
longer lengths of time including between physical activities.
 
Long Term Effects of Exercise on
Muscles
 
Muscle size
Although 
muscle size
 (and other physical characteristics
such as height) is largely determined by a person's genes,
muscle size can be affected to a certain extent by:
drugs e.g. anabolic steroids
lifestyle choices e.g. 
exercise
 for work or leisure.
Not all forms of sports or exercise have a significant effect
on muscle size because some sports rely more on
concentration, co-ordination and control than on physical
power and strength. However, in general, exercising specific
muscles regularly can increase their size by up to approx.
60%. This increase in muscle size is mainly due to increased
diameter of individual 
muscle fibres
.
 
 
Blood supply
(to and through muscles)
As a result of frequent exercise over a sustained period
of time both the 
quantity
of 
blood vessels
 (incl.
e.g. 
arterioles
 and 
venules
) and the 
extent
 of
the 
capillary beds
 increases.
The benefits of these effects on 
blood
supply
 to 
muscle tissues
 include:
improving delivery of substrates to the tissues by the
blood
improving the blood system's efficiency in removing
toxic products from the tissues
 
 
Muscle Co-ordination
Frequent exercise and especially use of specific muscles for
the same or similar skilled tasks e.g. dribbling a ball in a
game of football leads to 
improved co-ordination
.
For example, antagonistic pairs of muscles work together
even more effectively; when the prime mover contracts
more rapidly the antagonist (muscle) must also relax as
quickly.
Improved muscle co-ordination is not just about 
muscle
cells
 and tissues but also the nerves that innervate those
muscles. The 
somatic nervous system
 controls skeletal
muscle e.g. the muscles that move the arms and legs
together with external sensory organs such as 
the skin
.
 
 
Muscle Biochemistry
Many beneficial biochemical changes take place in muscle tissues as
a result of regular long term exercise. These include:
increase in the size and quantity of 
mitochondria
 in the cells
increase in activity of 
enzymes
 in the 
tricarboxylic acid cycle
 (which
is also known as the 
TCA cycle
, the 
Krebs cycle
 and as the 
citric acid
cycle
), a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that form a
key part of aerobic respiration in 
cells
increase in fatty acid oxidation (
fatty acid
 oxidation in mitochondria
provides energy to cells when glucose levels are low).
 
Effects of Exercise on Circulation
 
 
Short-term physical activity
e.g. short run to bus stop
Effects on the Heart
increase pulse rate
increase blood pressure
 
 
Effects on the blood circulation
  more (a greater volume of) blood is pumped around the body
blood is diverted from the soft organs within the body into
the 
blood vessels
 to be moved around the body
the blood transports (i.e. moves) heat 
from
 the
active 
muscles
 
to
 the surface of the body:
Muscle-----HEAT-----body surface
 
 
Long-term high intensity activity
e.g. long cycle or cross-country skiing race
Effects on the Heart
 heart increases in size
pulse rate "at rest" decreases
stroke volume increases - meaning that the heart pumps more blood with each
stroke
heart-rate (pulse) returns to its "resting rate" more quickly after periods of intense
activity
over the long term:
risk of coronary artery disease is generally reduced, 
though this is also affected by
other factors e.g. diet.
Effects on the blood circulation
 Quantity of 
red blood cells
increases - improving the ability of the blood to
transport oxygen around the body.
Blood supply to the 
muscle fibres
 is improved by more 
capillaries
 becoming
available to take blood to the 
muscle tissues
.
Similarly, efficiency of return of de-oxygenated blood to the heart is also improved.
Slide Note
Embed
Share

Doping in sports involves the use of banned performance-enhancing drugs by athletes, and testing for doping is a crucial aspect of ensuring fair competition. There are in-competition tests conducted during events and out-of-competition tests targeting various substances. Testing involves collecting urine and blood samples to detect prohibited substances and methods. Both types of tests play a vital role in maintaining the integrity of sports competitions.


Uploaded on Aug 02, 2024 | 1 Views


Download Presentation

Please find below an Image/Link to download the presentation.

The content on the website is provided AS IS for your information and personal use only. It may not be sold, licensed, or shared on other websites without obtaining consent from the author. Download presentation by click this link. If you encounter any issues during the download, it is possible that the publisher has removed the file from their server.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Dope test In competitive sports, doping is the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors. The term doping is widely used by organizations that regulate sporting competitions. The use of drugs to enhance performance is considered prohibited, by most international sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. unethical, and therefore

  2. Doping testing is an activity that is strictly specified in the International Standard for Testing and Investigations. Urine, blood or both are collected as test samples. Doping testing takes place both at competitions and outside of them.

  3. Doping test types There are two types of doping tests: in- competition tests and out-of-competition tests. An athlete can be summoned to testing at any time and anywhere, either in their home country or abroad. The athlete is invited in person.

  4. In-competition tests In-competition tests refer to doping tests performed in connection with a competition event. Unless otherwise specified in the rules of the international or another relevant antidoping organisation, this refers to a period starting 12 hours prior to the competition and ending at the end of the competition and the related collection of samples.

  5. Out-of-competition tests Targeted doping tests are also carried out outside of competitions. Out-of-competition samples are tested for non-approved substances, anabolic agents, peptide hormones, growth factors and similar substances, 2-agonists, hormone and metabolism modulators, diuretics and other masking agents as well as all prohibited methods.

  6. Sample types Doping tests consist of taking a urine sample or a blood sample or both. A blood sample does not replace a urine test, because it concerns primarily different substances and different methods. Urine tests Doping control is most often carried out based on urine tests. The urine sample is used in analysing the use of prohibited substances and methods.

  7. Blood tests Blood samples may be taken for identifying prohibited substances and methods, for screening or as a part of long-term monitoring in order to create an athlete's personal profile. Blood tests are carried out, for example, in order to detect growth hormone and the use of various artificial substances and methods related to the manipulation of blood. Most accurate way of test

  8. Breath test Quickly determine alcohol conc. Breath analyzer is the instrument used for it Hair test Alcohol is deposited directly in the hair Saliva drug screen/oral fluid based screen

  9. Sweat drug screen Sweat patches are attached to the skin to collect sweat for a long period of time (upto 14 days)

  10. Effects of Exercise on Muscles The effects of exercise or any physical activity on musclesdepend on: Type of physical activity e.g. walking, playing tennis, playing bowls Intensity of the activity e.g. gentle slow walk or 200m sprint Duration of the activity e.g. 30 mins or 4 hours The effects of exercise on muscles include both short term and long term changes due to physical exercise: Short term effects of exercise persist during the activity itself and perhaps for a short time afterwards. Long term effects of exercise are on-going and can apply for much longer lengths of time including between physical activities.

  11. Long Term Effects of Exercise on Muscles Muscle size Although muscle size (and other physical characteristics such as height) is largely determined by a person's genes, muscle size can be affected to a certain extent by: drugs e.g. anabolic steroids lifestyle choices e.g. exercise for work or leisure. Not all forms of sports or exercise have a significant effect on muscle size because some sports rely more on concentration, co-ordination and control than on physical power and strength. However, in general, exercising specific muscles regularly can increase their size by up to approx. 60%. This increase in muscle size is mainly due to increased diameter of individual muscle fibres.

  12. Blood supply (to and through muscles) As a result of frequent exercise over a sustained period of time both the quantityof blood vessels (incl. e.g. arterioles and venules) and the extent of the capillary beds increases. The benefits of these effects on blood supply to muscle tissues include: improving delivery of substrates to the tissues by the blood improving the blood system's efficiency in removing toxic products from the tissues

  13. Muscle Co-ordination Frequent exercise and especially use of specific muscles for the same or similar skilled tasks e.g. dribbling a ball in a game of football leads to improved co-ordination. For example, antagonistic pairs of muscles work together even more effectively; when the prime mover contracts more rapidly the antagonist (muscle) must also relax as quickly. Improved muscle co-ordination is not just about muscle cells and tissues but also the nerves that innervate those muscles. The somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscle e.g. the muscles that move the arms and legs together with external sensory organs such as the skin.

  14. Muscle Biochemistry Many beneficial biochemical changes take place in muscle tissues as a result of regular long term exercise. These include: increase in the size and quantity of mitochondria in the cells increase in activity of enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (which is also known as the TCA cycle, the Krebs cycle and as the citric acid cycle), a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that form a key part of aerobic respiration in cells increase in fatty acid oxidation (fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria provides energy to cells when glucose levels are low).

  15. Effects of Exercise on Circulation e.g. short run to bus stop Effects on the Heart increase pulse rate increase blood pressure Short-term physical activity blood is diverted from the soft organs within the body into the blood vessels to be moved around the body the blood transports (i.e. moves) heat from the active muscles to the surface of the body: Muscle-----HEAT-----body surface Effects on the blood circulation more (a greater volume of) blood is pumped around the body

  16. Long-term high intensity activity e.g. long cycle or cross-country skiing race Effects on the Heart heart increases in size pulse rate "at rest" decreases stroke volume increases - meaning that the heart pumps more blood with each stroke heart-rate (pulse) returns to its "resting rate" more quickly after periods of intense activity over the long term: risk of coronary artery disease is generally reduced, though this is also affected by other factors e.g. diet. Effects on the blood circulation Quantity of red blood cellsincreases - improving the ability of the blood to transport oxygen around the body. Blood supply to the muscle fibres is improved by more capillaries becoming available to take blood to the muscle tissues. Similarly, efficiency of return of de-oxygenated blood to the heart is also improved.

Related


More Related Content

giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#giItT1WQy@!-/#