Impact of Urban and Rural Areas on Environmental Pollution

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Exploring the impact of urban and rural areas on environmental pollution, this discussion delves into the misconception that urban dwellers have a lesser impact on the environment compared to rural residents. Through statistics, findings, and ecological footprint evaluations, the presentation sheds light on the complex relationship between human settlements and environmental degradation, emphasizing the need for informed actions to mitigate pollution levels.

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The The ungreen ungreen city or the polluting or the polluting countryside? countryside? city Topic: Statistics & Environment Group Four Members: Chan Yong Ming, Kwek Zi Wei Bernetta, Peh Ching Hui Timothy Presenter: Chan Yong Ming

Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Group four: Smaje, Chris (2011). The ungreen city - or the polluting countryside? Significance, 8(2), pp. 61- 64.

Outline Outline Background Key Issues How does statistics affect? Possible implications What can be done?

Which do you prefer? Which do you prefer? http://www.petertsaiphotography.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/rocinha_comunidade_favela- 41.jpg https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/82/6a/84/826a84cbea6db938fb99462b906c67ce.jpg

Less pollution? Less pollution? http://www.petertsaiphotography.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/rocinha_comunidade_favela- 41.jpg https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/82/6a/84/826a84cbea6db938fb99462b906c67ce.jpg

http://www.edie.net/news/1/Rural-areas-see-more-days-of-heavy-pollution-than-urban-neighbours/10992/http://www.edie.net/news/1/Rural-areas-see-more-days-of-heavy-pollution-than-urban-neighbours/10992/

COMMON MISCONCEPTION People living in urban or city areas contribute to less impact on the environment than people living in the countryside or rural areas

Findings Findings Satterthwaite, D. (2008) Cities contribution to global warming: notes on the allocation of greenhouse gas emissions. Environment and Urbanization, 20, 539 549.

Ecological Footprint Ecological Footprint Impact of a person or community on environment Expressed as amount of land required to sustain use of natural resources http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/footprint_leaves_vertical_359002.gif

Key Issues Key Issues Fallacy of composition Problems of reification and confounding Tension between economies of scale Comprehensiveness

Issue 1: Issue 1: Fallacy of Fallacy of composition composition

Atomistic Fallacy Atomistic Fallacy Applying correlation based on individuals towards the aggregates correlation observed among individuals may not apply to aggregated data

Biased Sample Fallacy Biased Sample Fallacy Drawing conclusion about a population based on a sample that is biased Sample chosen that reflects the population on average being different than it actually is

Fallacy of Composition Fallacy of Composition Something is true of a part cannot be inferred to the whole City dwellers lower-impact lifestyles than country dwellers Data does not support

Issue 2: Issue 2: Problems of Problems of reification and reification and confounding confounding

Problems of reification and Problems of reification and confounding confounding Reification = complex idea for when you treat something immaterial Confounding factors Greater affluence in cities Greater Ecological footprint?

Electrical Appliances Facial cleansers with microbeads http://cpsresources.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/appliance-electronics-industry.jpg http://mashable.com/2015/03/07/beauty-products-environment/#PagmdODcsOqT

Lower Environmental impacts Lower Environmental impacts https://www.smrt.com.sg/portals/0/Corporate/Our%20Identity/SMRT%20logo_small.png http://oliveventures.com.sg/act/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/MB_image4_L.jpg

Problems of reification and Problems of reification and confounding confounding Urbanisation Affects Environmental Impacts Need to include Confounding factors (Underlying relationships)

Issue 3: Issue 3: Tension between Tension between economies of scale economies of scale

Tension between economies of scale Tension between economies of scale EOS = Proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production Diseconomies of urbanity = economic disadvantage due to city life Resulting sewage sludge?

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Issue 4: Issue 4: Comprehensiveness Comprehensiveness

Comprehensiveness Comprehensiveness Many environment studies look only at direct impact Heating up urban apartment vs rural cottage Other Impacts: Street lighting, transport fuel, waste disposal

http://marriottexecustay.com/furnished-apartments/kansas-city-mo/45-madison/property_photos/KansasCityFurnishedApartmentExterior-368x277.jpghttp://marriottexecustay.com/furnished-apartments/kansas-city-mo/45-madison/property_photos/KansasCityFurnishedApartmentExterior-368x277.jpg http://www.cheznous.com/99266-cider-cottage.jpg https://i.ytimg.com/vi/wmDBy2Q0IG8/maxresdefault.jpg http://cdn.decoist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Living-room-of-the-renovated-apartment-embraces-a-white-backdrop.jpg

http://www.sunviewled.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SVL-SML-960X640-002.jpghttp://www.sunviewled.com/cms/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SVL-SML-960X640-002.jpg http://il2.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/16147342/thumb/1.jpg https://johnnycat.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/gas1.jpg http://www.fish-on-friday.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Sewage-Pollution.jpg

Possible Implications Possible Implications People living in city continue to be unaware 2 billion more people on Earth in 2050 Building new city of a million people every week for next 40 years!

What can be done? What can be done? Identifying different pollution sources Setting regulatory standards Better statistical analysis of both pollution and measures taken to address

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