Word Formation Rules and Examples

 
Word formation 
– general rules
There are many word beginnings
(prefixes) and word endings (suffixes)
that can be added to a word to change
its meaning or its word class. The most
common ones are shown here
 
Verb Formation
The endings 
ize
 and 
ify
 can be added to nouns and
adjectives to form verbs.
Noun + ize = Verb
 American + ize = Americanize
Legal + ize = legalize
This will make the factory more 
modern
. This will
modernize
 the factory.
Adjective + ize = Verb False + ify = Falsify
 Humid + ify = humidify
These tablets make the water 
pure
. They 
purify
 the
water.
 
Adverb Formation
The ending 
ly
 can be added to 
most adjectives 
to
form adverbs.
Adjective + ly = Adverb
Easy + ly = easily
His behaviour was 
stupid
. He behaved 
stupidly
 .
 
Noun Formation
The endings 
er, ment
, and 
ation
 can be added to
many verbs to form nouns.
Verb + er = Noun
 Fasten + er = faster
Open + er = opener
 John 
drives
 a bus. He is a bus 
driver.
 
Amaze + 
ment
 = amazement
Retire + 
ment
 = retirement
 Children 
develop
 very quickly. Their
development
 is very quick.
 
Admire + 
ation
 = admiration
Organize + 
ation
 = organization
The doctor 
examined
 me. The doctor
gave me an 
examination
.
 
The endings 
ity/ty
 and 
ness 
can be
added to many adjectives to form
nouns.
Stupid + ity = stupidity
Don’t be so 
cruel
. I hate 
cruelty
 
Adjective Formation
The endings 
y, ic, ical, ful
, and 
less
 can be added to
many nouns to form adjectives.
The ending able can be added to many verbs to
form adjectives.
Noun + y = Adjective
Dirt + y = dirty
That was an awful 
smell
. It was very 
smelly
.
   Atom + ic = atomic
That was a book of 
poetry
. It was a
 poetic 
book.
Hope + ful = hopeful
His broken leg caused 
pain
. It was very 
painful.
 
Care + less = careless
The operation didn’t cause 
pain
. It was
painless
.
 
Verb + able = Adjective
 Love + able = lovable
You can 
wash
 this coat. It’s 
washable
.
 
Opposites
 Prefixes added to the front of many words can
produce an opposite meaning.
 
un
 + fortunate = unfortunate
I’m not very happy. In fact I’m very unhappy
In
 + efficient = inefficient
iIl
 + literate = illiterate
 Im 
+ possible = impossible
De
 + centralize = decentralize
 Instead of inflating the tire, he deflated it.
 
dis
 + honest = dishonest
 I don’t agree with everything you said. I disagree with the
last part.
non
 + payment = non-payment
You are not making any sense. What you are saying is
nonsense.
 
Exercises
 
1 Give three examples of nouns beginning with the
negative prefix dis-.
 
2 What two different verb forms can be made from
the word light?
 
3 Make four different words from the root word
communicate.
 
 4 Give three examples of adjectives ending in -ous.
 
5 Make four different words from the root
word success.
 
6 What negative prefix is used before all of
these words: kind, do, employment?
 
 7 Give three examples of adjectives beginning
with the negative prefix im-.
 
 8 Give three examples of nouns ending in -
dom.
 
1.Give three examples of nouns beginning
with the negative prefix mis-.
 
2. What two different noun forms can be
made from the word able?
 
3.Make four different words from the root
word approve.
 
4.Give three examples of adjectives ending in -
ive
 
5.Make four different words from the root
word predict.
 
6.Give three examples of adverbs spelt with a
double l at the end.
 
7.What negative prefix is used before all of
these words: ability, sensitive, tolerance?
 
 8.Give three examples of nouns ending in -
ship.
 
Try to write similar sentences
 
 
Mr Successful succeeded in successfully
completing the task that had so far been very
unsuccessfully dealt with, which was a great
success.
 
KEY: sample answers
1 disappointment, dissatisfaction, disloyalty
2 lighten, enlighten
 3 communicative, uncommunicative, communicator, communication
4 famous, marvellous, autonomous
 5 successful, unsuccessful, succeed, successor
 6 un
7 impolite, improbable, impossible
8 freedom, stardom, boredom
 
1 misbehaviour, misinterpretation, mistrust
2 ability, disability
3 approval, disapproval, disapprove, disapprovingly
4 talkative, formative, creative
5 predictable, unpredictable, prediction, predictably
6 formally, faithfully, fully
7 in
8 friendship, relationship, sponsorship
 
Useful links
 
http://home.agh.edu.pl/~potrec/Exam%20B2/
Wordformation/WORD%20FORMATION.pdf
 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRNEUPXl
ObY&t=38s
 
http://corsi.unica.it/pas/files/2014/03/PAS-
FODDE-WORD-FORMATIONS-B1-B2.pdf
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Explore the general rules of word formation, including prefixes and suffixes used to modify meanings and word classes. Learn how to create verbs, adverbs, nouns, adjectives, and more through the addition of specific endings to base words.


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  1. Word formation general rules There are many word beginnings (prefixes) and word endings (suffixes) that can be added to a word to change its meaning or its word class. The most common ones are shown here

  2. Verb Formation The endings ize and ify can be added to nouns and adjectives to form verbs. Noun + ize = Verb American + ize = Americanize Legal + ize = legalize This will make the factory more modern. This will modernize the factory. Adjective + ize = Verb False + ify = Falsify Humid + ify = humidify These tablets make the water pure. They purify the water.

  3. Adverb Formation The ending ly can be added to most adjectives to form adverbs. Adjective + ly = Adverb Easy + ly = easily His behaviour was stupid. He behaved stupidly .

  4. Noun Formation The endings er, ment, and ation can be added to many verbs to form nouns. Verb + er = Noun Fasten + er = faster Open + er = opener John drives a bus. He is a bus driver.

  5. Amaze + ment = amazement Retire + ment = retirement Children develop very quickly. Their development is very quick.

  6. Admire + ation = admiration Organize + ation = organization The doctor examined me. The doctor gave me an examination.

  7. The endings ity/ty and ness can be added to many adjectives to form nouns. Stupid + ity = stupidity Don t be so cruel. I hate cruelty

  8. Adjective Formation The endings y, ic, ical, ful, and less can be added to many nouns to form adjectives. The ending able can be added to many verbs to form adjectives. Noun + y = Adjective Dirt + y = dirty That was an awful smell. It was very smelly. Atom + ic = atomic That was a book of poetry. It was a poetic book. Hope + ful = hopeful His broken leg caused pain. It was very painful.

  9. Care + less = careless The operation didn t cause pain. It was painless. Verb + able = Adjective Love + able = lovable You can wash this coat. It s washable.

  10. Opposites Prefixes added to the front of many words can produce an opposite meaning. un + fortunate = unfortunate I m not very happy. In fact I m very unhappy In + efficient = inefficient iIl + literate = illiterate Im + possible = impossible De + centralize = decentralize Instead of inflating the tire, he deflated it. dis + honest = dishonest I don t agree with everything you said. I disagree with the last part. non + payment = non-payment You are not making any sense. What you are saying is nonsense.

  11. Exercises 1 Give three examples of nouns beginning with the negative prefix dis-. 2 What two different verb forms can be made from the word light? 3 Make four different words from the root word communicate. 4 Give three examples of adjectives ending in -ous.

  12. 5 Make four different words from the root word success. 6 What negative prefix is used before all of these words: kind, do, employment? 7 Give three examples of adjectives beginning with the negative prefix im-. 8 Give three examples of nouns ending in - dom.

  13. 1.Give three examples of nouns beginning with the negative prefix mis-. 2. What two different noun forms can be made from the word able? 3.Make four different words from the root word approve. 4.Give three examples of adjectives ending in - ive

  14. 5.Make four different words from the root word predict. 6.Give three examples of adverbs spelt with a double l at the end. 7.What negative prefix is used before all of these words: ability, sensitive, tolerance? 8.Give three examples of nouns ending in - ship.

  15. Try to write similar sentences Mr Successful succeeded in successfully completing the task that had so far been very unsuccessfully dealt with, which was a great success.

  16. KEY: sample answers 1 disappointment, dissatisfaction, disloyalty 2 lighten, enlighten 3 communicative, uncommunicative, communicator, communication 4 famous, marvellous, autonomous 5 successful, unsuccessful, succeed, successor 6 un 7 impolite, improbable, impossible 8 freedom, stardom, boredom 1 misbehaviour, misinterpretation, mistrust 2 ability, disability 3 approval, disapproval, disapprove, disapprovingly 4 talkative, formative, creative 5 predictable, unpredictable, prediction, predictably 6 formally, faithfully, fully 7 in 8 friendship, relationship, sponsorship

  17. Useful links http://home.agh.edu.pl/~potrec/Exam%20B2/ Wordformation/WORD%20FORMATION.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRNEUPXl ObY&t=38s http://corsi.unica.it/pas/files/2014/03/PAS- FODDE-WORD-FORMATIONS-B1-B2.pdf

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