Comprehensive Overview of Female Genital Organs and Ovarian Function

 
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Uterine
tube
Clitoris
Vagina
Uterus
Ovary
Labium minor
Labium major
Vestibule of vagina
 
Female genital organs - overview
 
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Ovary
 
Function:
 
production of ovum
secretion of female
sex hormones:
estrogen
 and
progesterone
(menstrual cycle)
 
Follicle maturation
 
Primary oocytes remain in the first meiotic division
until puberty.
 
End of the first meiotic division: ovulation
End of the second meiotic division: fertilization
 
Follicular epithelial cells:
Granulosa cells
Theca cells
 
Follicle maturation is influenced by FSH (follicule-
stimulating hormone) from the hypophisis (pituitary
gland).
 
After ovulation (14th days of the menstruatic cycle)
under the influence of LH (luteinizing hormone) the
follicular epithelium transform into a corpus luteum
and begins to secrete progesteron.
 
 
germinal epithelium
 
stroma
 
zona
pellucida
 
secunder
follicle
 
primer
oocyta
 
theca
folliculi
 
athretetic
follicles
 
primer
follicle
Infundibulum
Isthmus
Ampulla
Mesosalpinx
 
Uterine tube
 
Function:
transport of ovum from ovary to uterus
kinocilia
peristaltic muscular activity
 
Uterus
 
Body
Fundus
Vaginal part of cervix
Supravaginal part of cervix
Isthmus
 
Ovary
 
Uterine tube
 
Vagina
 
Position of the uterus
 
Position of the uterus
rectum
ovary
utherus
vagina
bladder
rectouterine pouch (Douglas)
vesicouterine pouch
 
Ligaments:
 
broad ligament
 of uterus
  
mesometrium
  
mesosalpinx
  
mesovarium
 
round ligament
 of uterus
  
(ligament of ovary)
 
parametrium:
  
lateral cervical ligament
 
uterosacral ligament
 
pubovesical ligament
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ligaments of the uterus
 
Ligaments of the uterus
(see below)
 
 
sacrum
 
symphysis
 
parametrium
(cardinal ligament)
 
pubovesical ligament
+ vesicouterine ligament
= pubocervical ligament
 
sacrocervical ligament
 
rectum
 
cervix
 
bladder
 
rectouterine pouch
 
Ligaments of uterus
(see lateral)
 
Pubocervical
ligament
 
Transverse
cervical
ligament
Sacrocervical
ligament
Rectum
 
Uterus
 
Urinary
bladder
 
Bimanual examination of the uterus
 
vaginal examination
 
rectal examination
 
Colposcopic photographs
(portio vaginalis cervicis)
 
Hystology and structure of the uterus
 
ENDOMETRIUM
 
PERIMETRIUM
 
MYOMETRIUM
 
stratum
 submucosum
 
stratum
 vasculare
 
stratum
 supravasculare
 
The menstrual cycle
– changes of the endometrium
 
 
Position of the uterus during pregnancy
 
Situs of abdominal internal organs
shortly before the end of pregnancy
 
Placenta
 
Mucous plug in the cervical canal
Vagina
Ligament of
ovary
Uterus
Ureter
Ovary
Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Uterine tube
Internal pudendal artery
Internal
iliac artery
Vaginal plexus
Vaginal artery and
vein
Uterine artery
Uterine plexus
Ovarian and tubal
branches
Ovarian artery
and vein
Pampiniform
plexus of veins
 
Blood supply of the internal genital organs
External urethral
orifice
Mons pubis
Orifice of vagina
Clitoris (glans)
Prepuce of clitoris
Labium majus
Labium minus
 
External genital organs
Greater vestibular gland
Crus of clitoris
Bulb of vestibule
Glans of clitoris
Body of clitoris
 
External genital organs
 
Muscles of the pelvis, perineum
 
The breast
parasternal lymphnodes
axillar lymphnodes
subclavicular lymphnodes
 
 
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Gonads
:
  
(production of germ cells;
  
secretion of sex hormones)
 
testes
 
Genital tract:
  
(transport of germ cells)
 
epididymis
 
ductus deferens
 
Sex glands:
 
seminal vesicle
 
prostate
 
bulbourethral gland
External genital
organs:
 
penis
 
scrotum
 
M
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O
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A
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S
 
Testis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Prostate
Seminal vesicle
Penis
Scrotum
Bulbourethral
gland
 
M
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Testis:
 
4-5 cm long
 
plum-shaped
 
Head of epididymis
Spermatic cord
Body of epididymis
 
T
E
S
T
I
S
 
Structure
:
 
tunica albuginea
 
connective tissue septa
 
lobules (
~
200-300):
  
convoluted seminiferous tubules:
   
30-60 cm long
  
interstitium
 
mediastinum:
  
rete testis
 
 
Function:
 
production of
sperm
 
secretion of male sex hormone:
  
testosterone
 
T
E
S
T
I
S
 
 
 
Convoluted seminiferous tubules:
 
Sertoli cell
 
cells of spermatogenesis
:
  
spermatogonium
  
primary spermatocyte
  
secondary spermatocyte
  
spermatid
  
sperm
 
Interstitium:
 
Leydig cell
 
 
S
P
E
R
M
A
T
O
G
E
N
E
S
I
S
 
Type A spermatogonium (2N, 2C)
 
Type B spermatogonium (2N, 4C)
 
Primary spermatocyte (2N, 4C)
 
Secondary spermatocyte (1N, 2C)
 
Spermatid (1N, 1C)
 
Sperm (1N, 1C)
 
16 ---
 
32 ------------------------
 
64 ----------------
 
128 -----
 
Meiosis
 
Spermiogenesis
 
Spermatocytogenesis
 
S
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A
T
O
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E
N
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S
I
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Meiosis:
 
production of haploid germ cells:
 
 
 
46 
→ 23 chromosome
 
genetic variability:
  
crossing-over
  
separation of homologous
   
chromosomes
 
 
S
P
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M
A
T
O
G
E
N
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S
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Spermiogenesis:
 
spermatid 
 sperm
 
spermatid
 
sperm
 
E
P
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D
Y
M
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S
 
 
Testis
Head of epididymis
Spermatic cord
Body of epididymis
 
E
P
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D
I
D
Y
M
I
S
 
Structure:
 
head:
  
ductuli efferentes testis:
   
~
10-20
   
20 cm long
 
body and tail:
  
ductus epididymis:
   
4-6 m long
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Function:
 
maturation of sperm
 
storage of sperm
 
D
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P
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T
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D
U
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T
U
S
 
D
E
F
E
R
E
N
S
 
Size and shape:
 
50-60 cm long
 
3-3.5 mm in diameter – 0.5 mm lumen
 
Structure:
 
mucosa
 
extremely thick 
muscular wall
Function:
 
transport of sperm during ejaculation
 
S
E
M
I
N
A
L
 
V
E
S
I
C
L
E
 
 
Size and shape:
 
5-10 cm long
 
highly folded tubular gland
 
Structure:
 
mucosa
 
thick muscular wall
 
 
 
P
R
O
S
T
A
T
E
 
Size and shape:
 
4 cm wide, 2 cm a-p, 3 cm vertical
 
chestnut-shaped
 
Structure:
 
stroma:
  
smooth muscle
  
fibroelastic connective tissue
 
glands:
  
mucosal
  
submucosal
  
main
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prostatic hypertrophy
Prostatic cancer
 
 
 
 
Prostate
Seminal vesicle
Cowper’s gland (bulbourethral gland)
 
Semen:
 
2-6 ml – 99% is produced by accessory glands
 
alkaline pH
 
 
>
20 million (
~
100 million) 
sperm / ml
 
>
60% motile sperm
 
 
 
A
C
C
E
S
S
O
R
Y
 
S
E
X
 
G
L
A
N
D
S
 
P
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N
I
S
 
 
Parts:
 
glans penis – prepuce
 
body
 
root
 
 
 
Erectile bodies:
 
corpus cavernosum
  
crus penis
 
corpus spongiosum
  
glans penis
  
bulbus penis
 
P
E
N
I
S
 
 
Crus penis
covered by:
ischiocavernosus muscle
Bulbus penis
covered by:
bulbospongiosus muscle
 
P
E
N
I
S
 
 
 
S
C
R
O
T
U
M
 
 
 
Coverings of the testis and spermatic cord:
 
skin of scrotum
 
tunica dartos – septum
 
external spermatic fascia
 
cremasteric fascia – cremaster muscle
 
internal spermatic fascia
 
 
tunica vaginalis
 
Function:
 
temperature of testes is maintained at
 
2-3
°
C below body temperature
 
 
M
A
L
E
 
U
R
E
T
H
R
A
 
 
Urogenital diaphragm
Corpus spongiosum
Prostate
Urinary bladder
External urethral orifice
Internal urethral
orifice
 
M
A
L
E
 
U
R
E
T
H
R
A
 
 
 
Size and shape:
 
20-25 cm long
 
internal urethral orifice 
 
sphincter vesicae
 
external urethral orifice
 
Parts:
 
prostatic part:
  
urethral crest, seminal colliculus
 
membranous part 
 
sphincter urethrae
 
spongy part
 
D
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V
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T
 
O
F
 
U
R
O
G
E
N
I
T
A
L
 
O
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G
A
N
S
 
5th week,  pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros
 
5th week, mesonephric glomerulus,
mesonephric duct,
paramesonephric duct,
metanephrogen tissue
 
Ascent of the kidneys
 
Development of the genital organs (3rd-6th weeks)
 
6th week
 
7th week                                          5th month
 
8th week                                             4th month
 
Development of the genital organs
 
Mesonephric duct (Wolffian canal) and paramesonephric duct (Müllerian canal)
in male
Mesonephric duct (Wolffian canal) and paramesonephric duct (Müllerian canal)
in female
 
 
Undifferentiated gonad
Müllerian duct
 
I
N
T
E
R
N
A
L
 
G
E
N
I
T
A
L
 
O
R
G
A
N
S
Wolffian duct
Gubernaculum
 
Genital tubercle
Genital fold
 
E
X
T
E
R
N
A
L
 
G
E
N
I
T
A
L
 
O
R
G
A
N
S
Genital ridge
 
References:
Kahle W, Leonhardt H, Platzer W: Color Atlas/Text of Human Anatomy, 1993, Thieme, Stuttgart
Putz R, Pabst R (editors): Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, 1993, Urban & Schwarzenberg, München
Romanes GJ (editor): Cunningham’s Textbook of Anatomy, 1991, Oxford University Press, Oxford
Ross MH, Kaye GI, Pawlina W: Histology. A Text and Atlas with Cell and Molecular Biology, 2002,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadephia
Röhlich P (szerkesztő): Szövettan,1999, Semmelweis Kiadó, Budapest
Papp Z.: A szülészet nőgyógyászat tankönyve Standring S (editor-in-chief): Gray’s Anatomy, 2005,
Elsevier Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh
Stevens A, Lowe JS: Human Histology, 2005, Elsevier Mosby, Philadelphia
Szentágothai J., Réthelyi M.: Funkcionális anatómai, 1985, Part 2.
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Explore in-depth insights into the anatomy and functions of female genital organs, focusing on the ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and associated structures. Delve into the maturation of follicles, ovulation process, and hormonal regulation. Gain a clear understanding of the intricate mechanisms involved in ovum production and the menstrual cycle.


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  1. GENITAL ORGANS Semmelweis University, Faculty of Pharmacy 1st year 2nd semester Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 2020.04.01.

  2. FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS

  3. Female genital organs Female genital organs - - overview overview Uterine tube Uterus Ovary Vagina Clitoris Vestibule of vagina Labium major Labium minor

  4. Female genital organs

  5. Female pelvis, sagittal section

  6. Ovary Ovary Function: production of ovum secretion of female sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone (menstrual cycle)

  7. Follicle maturation Follicle maturation Primary oocytes remain in the first meiotic division until puberty. End of the first meiotic division: ovulation End of the second meiotic division: fertilization Follicular epithelial cells: Granulosa cells Theca cells Follicle maturation is influenced by FSH (follicule- stimulating hormone) from the hypophisis (pituitary gland). After ovulation (14th days of the menstruatic cycle) under the influence of LH (luteinizing hormone) the follicular epithelium transform into a corpus luteum and begins to secrete progesteron.

  8. tertier follicle stroma germinal epithelium corpus luteum primer follicle secunder follicle primer oocyta theca folliculi athretetic follicles zona pellucida

  9. Uterine tube Uterine tube Isthmus Isthmus Ampulla Ampulla Infundibulum Infundibulum Mesosalpinx Mesosalpinx Function: transport of ovum from ovary to uterus kinocilia peristaltic muscular activity

  10. Uterus Uterus Fundus Uterine tube Body Ovary Isthmus Supravaginal part of cervix Vaginal part of cervix Vagina

  11. anteflexion cervix-body angle anteflexion ( 60o) Position of the uterus Position of the uterus anteversion cervix-vagina angle anteversion ( 60o) Anteflexion of uterus Anteflexion of uterus Anteversion of uterus Anteversion of uterus Retroflexion retroversion of uterus Retroflexion - - retroversion of uterus

  12. Position of the uterus Position of the uterus rectum ovary utherus vagina bladder vesicouterine pouch vesicouterine pouch rectouterine pouch (Douglas) rectouterine pouch (Douglas)

  13. Ligaments of the uterus Ligaments of the uterus Ligaments: broad ligament mesometrium mesosalpinx mesovarium Ligaments: broad ligament of uterus mesometrium mesosalpinx mesovarium of uterus Suspensory ligament (a. and v. ovarica) round ligament of uterus (ligament of ovary) round ligament (ligament of ovary) of uterus Broad ligament parametrium: lateral cervical ligament parametrium: lateral cervical ligament uterosacral ligament pubovesical ligament uterosacral ligament pubovesical ligament mesosalpinx mesovarium mesometrium Ovarian ligament

  14. Ligaments of the uterus (see below) Ligaments of the uterus (see below) sacrum sacrocervical ligament sacrocervical ligament rectum rectouterine pouch rectouterine pouch parametrium (cardinal ligament) parametrium (cardinal ligament) cervix pubovesical ligament + vesicouterine ligament = pubocervical ligament pubovesical ligament + vesicouterine ligament = pubocervical ligament bladder symphysis

  15. Ligaments of uterus (see lateral) Ligaments of uterus (see lateral) Uterus Uterus Sacrocervical ligament Sacrocervical ligament Urinary bladder Urinary bladder Rectum Rectum Pubocervical ligament Pubocervical ligament Transverse cervical ligament Transverse cervical ligament

  16. Bimanual examination of the uterus Bimanual examination of the uterus Colposcopic photographs (portio vaginalis cervicis) vaginal examination Uterine cavity Spatula Speculum Uterine portion rectal examination

  17. Hystology and structure of the uterus Hystology and structure of the uterus ENDOMETRIUM ENDOMETRIUM MYOMETRIUM MYOMETRIUM stratum submucosum stratum vasculare stratum supravasculare PERIMETRIUM PERIMETRIUM

  18. The menstrual cycle changes of the endometrium The menstrual cycle changes of the endometrium regeneration regeneration proliferative phase proliferative phase secretory phase secretory phase menstruation menstruation epithel stroma tubular glands

  19. Position of the uterus during pregnancy Position of the uterus during pregnancy Placenta Mucous plug in the cervical canal Situs of abdominal internal organs shortly before the end of pregnancy

  20. Blood supply of the internal genital organs Blood supply of the internal genital organs Pampiniform plexus of veins Pampiniform plexus of veins Uterine tube Ovarian artery and vein Ligament of ovary Ovarian artery and vein Uterus Isthmus Ampulla Ovarian and tubal branches Infundibulum Fimbriae Ovary Ureter Uterine plexus Uterine plexus Internal iliac artery Internal iliac artery Uterine artery Vaginal artery and Vaginal artery and vein vein Vaginal plexus Vaginal plexus Internal pudendal artery Internal pudendal artery Vagina

  21. External genital organs External genital organs Mons pubis Mons pubis Prepuce of clitoris Prepuce of clitoris Labium majus Labium majus Clitoris (glans) Clitoris (glans) External urethral orifice External urethral orifice Labium minus Labium minus Orifice of vagina Orifice of vagina

  22. External genital organs External genital organs Crus of clitoris Crus of clitoris Body of clitoris Body of clitoris Glans of clitoris Glans of clitoris Bulb of vestibule Bulb of vestibule Greater vestibular gland Greater vestibular gland

  23. Muscles of the pelvis, perineum Muscles of the pelvis, perineum mons pubis DIAPHRAGMA UROGENITALE symphysis pubic bone anus m. gluteus maximus m. levator ani (DIAPHRAGMA PELVIS) coccygeal bone

  24. The breast The breast subclavicular lymphnodes parasternal lymphnodes axillar lymphnodes

  25. MALE GENITAL ORGANS

  26. MALE GENITAL ORGANS Gonads: (production of germ cells; secretion of sex hormones) testes Genital tract: (transport of germ cells) epididymis ductus deferens Sex glands: seminal vesicle prostate bulbourethral gland External genital organs: penis scrotum

  27. MALE GENITAL ORGANS Seminal vesicle Prostate Bulbourethral gland Penis Ductus deferens Epididymis Scrotum Testis

  28. Male pelvis, sagittal section

  29. TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS Spermatic cord Head of epididymis Testis: 4-5 cm long plum-shaped Body of epididymis

  30. TESTIS Structure: tunica albuginea connective tissue septa lobules (~200-300): convoluted seminiferous tubules: 30-60 cm long interstitium mediastinum: rete testis Function: production of sperm secretion of male sex hormone: testosterone

  31. TESTIS Convoluted seminiferous tubules: Sertoli cell cells of spermatogenesis: spermatogonium primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatid sperm Interstitium: Leydig cell

  32. SPERMATOGENESIS Type A spermatogonium (2N, 2C) Spermatocytogenesis 16 --- Type B spermatogonium (2N, 4C) 32 ------------------------ Primary spermatocyte (2N, 4C) Meiosis 64 ---------------- Secondary spermatocyte (1N, 2C) 128 ----- Spermatid (1N, 1C) Spermiogenesis Sperm (1N, 1C)

  33. SPERMATOGENESIS Meiosis: production of haploid germ cells: 46 23 chromosome Prophase I genetic variability: crossing-over separation of homologous chromosomes Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Anaphase IITelophase II Metaphase II

  34. SPERMATOGENESIS Spermiogenesis: spermatid sperm spermatid sperm

  35. EPIDIDYMIS Spermatic cord Head of epididymis Testis Body of epididymis

  36. EPIDIDYMIS Structure: head: ductuli efferentes testis: ~10-20 20 cm long body and tail: ductus epididymis: 4-6 m long Function: maturation of sperm storage of sperm

  37. DUCTUS DEFERENS, SEMINAL VESICLE AND PROSTATE Ductus deferens Seminal vesicle Prostate Urethra Ductus deferens Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prosta te Urethra

  38. DUCTUS DEFERENS Size and shape: 50-60 cm long 3-3.5 mm in diameter 0.5 mm lumen Structure: mucosa extremely thick muscular wall Function: transport of sperm during ejaculation

  39. SEMINAL VESICLE Size and shape: 5-10 cm long highly folded tubular gland Structure: mucosa thick muscular wall

  40. PROSTATE Size and shape: 4 cm wide, 2 cm a-p, 3 cm vertical chestnut-shaped Structure: stroma: smooth muscle fibroelastic connective tissue glands: mucosal submucosal main Prostatic hypertrophy Prostatic cancer

  41. ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS Prostate Seminal vesicle Cowper s gland (bulbourethral gland) Semen: 2-6 ml 99% is produced by accessory glands alkaline pH >20 million (~100 million) sperm / ml >60% motile sperm

  42. PENIS Erectile bodies: corpus cavernosum crus penis Parts: glans penis prepuce body root corpus spongiosum glans penis bulbus penis

  43. PENIS Crus penis covered by: ischiocavernosus muscle Bulbus penis covered by: bulbospongiosus muscle

  44. PENIS

  45. SCROTUM Coverings of the testis and spermatic cord: skin of scrotum tunica dartos septum external spermatic fascia cremasteric fascia cremaster muscle internal spermatic fascia tunica vaginalis Function: temperature of testes is maintained at 2-3 C below body temperature

  46. MALE URETHRA Urinary bladder Internal urethral orifice Prostate Urogenital diaphragm Corpus spongiosum External urethral orifice

  47. MALE URETHRA Size and shape: 20-25 cm long internal urethral orifice sphincter vesicae external urethral orifice Parts: prostatic part: urethral crest, seminal colliculus membranous part spongy part sphincter urethrae

  48. DEVELOPMENT OF UROGENITAL ORGANS

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