Comprehensive Overview of Female Genital Organs and Ovarian Function

Explore in-depth insights into the anatomy and functions of female genital organs, focusing on the ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and associated structures. Delve into the maturation of follicles, ovulation process, and hormonal regulation. Gain a clear understanding of the intricate mechanisms involved in ovum production and the menstrual cycle.

• Female anatomy
• Ovarian function
• Uterine tubes
• Menstrual cycle

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1. GENITAL ORGANS Semmelweis University, Faculty of Pharmacy 1st year 2nd semester Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 2020.04.01.

2. FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS

3. Female genital organs Female genital organs - - overview overview Uterine tube Uterus Ovary Vagina Clitoris Vestibule of vagina Labium major Labium minor

4. Female genital organs

5. Female pelvis, sagittal section

7. Ovary Ovary Function: production of ovum secretion of female sex hormones: estrogen and progesterone (menstrual cycle)

8. Follicle maturation Follicle maturation Primary oocytes remain in the first meiotic division until puberty. End of the first meiotic division: ovulation End of the second meiotic division: fertilization Follicular epithelial cells: Granulosa cells Theca cells Follicle maturation is influenced by FSH (follicule- stimulating hormone) from the hypophisis (pituitary gland). After ovulation (14th days of the menstruatic cycle) under the influence of LH (luteinizing hormone) the follicular epithelium transform into a corpus luteum and begins to secrete progesteron.

9. tertier follicle stroma germinal epithelium corpus luteum primer follicle secunder follicle primer oocyta theca folliculi athretetic follicles zona pellucida

10. Uterine tube Uterine tube Isthmus Isthmus Ampulla Ampulla Infundibulum Infundibulum Mesosalpinx Mesosalpinx Function: transport of ovum from ovary to uterus kinocilia peristaltic muscular activity

12. Uterus Uterus Fundus Uterine tube Body Ovary Isthmus Supravaginal part of cervix Vaginal part of cervix Vagina

13. anteflexion cervix-body angle anteflexion ( 60o) Position of the uterus Position of the uterus anteversion cervix-vagina angle anteversion ( 60o) Anteflexion of uterus Anteflexion of uterus Anteversion of uterus Anteversion of uterus Retroflexion retroversion of uterus Retroflexion - - retroversion of uterus

14. Position of the uterus Position of the uterus rectum ovary utherus vagina bladder vesicouterine pouch vesicouterine pouch rectouterine pouch (Douglas) rectouterine pouch (Douglas)

15. Ligaments of the uterus Ligaments of the uterus Ligaments: broad ligament mesometrium mesosalpinx mesovarium Ligaments: broad ligament of uterus mesometrium mesosalpinx mesovarium of uterus Suspensory ligament (a. and v. ovarica) round ligament of uterus (ligament of ovary) round ligament (ligament of ovary) of uterus Broad ligament parametrium: lateral cervical ligament parametrium: lateral cervical ligament uterosacral ligament pubovesical ligament uterosacral ligament pubovesical ligament mesosalpinx mesovarium mesometrium Ovarian ligament

16. Ligaments of the uterus (see below) Ligaments of the uterus (see below) sacrum sacrocervical ligament sacrocervical ligament rectum rectouterine pouch rectouterine pouch parametrium (cardinal ligament) parametrium (cardinal ligament) cervix pubovesical ligament + vesicouterine ligament = pubocervical ligament pubovesical ligament + vesicouterine ligament = pubocervical ligament bladder symphysis

17. Ligaments of uterus (see lateral) Ligaments of uterus (see lateral) Uterus Uterus Sacrocervical ligament Sacrocervical ligament Urinary bladder Urinary bladder Rectum Rectum Pubocervical ligament Pubocervical ligament Transverse cervical ligament Transverse cervical ligament

18. Bimanual examination of the uterus Bimanual examination of the uterus Colposcopic photographs (portio vaginalis cervicis) vaginal examination Uterine cavity Spatula Speculum Uterine portion rectal examination

19. Hystology and structure of the uterus Hystology and structure of the uterus ENDOMETRIUM ENDOMETRIUM MYOMETRIUM MYOMETRIUM stratum submucosum stratum vasculare stratum supravasculare PERIMETRIUM PERIMETRIUM

20. The menstrual cycle changes of the endometrium The menstrual cycle changes of the endometrium regeneration regeneration proliferative phase proliferative phase secretory phase secretory phase menstruation menstruation epithel stroma tubular glands

21. Position of the uterus during pregnancy Position of the uterus during pregnancy Placenta Mucous plug in the cervical canal Situs of abdominal internal organs shortly before the end of pregnancy

22. Blood supply of the internal genital organs Blood supply of the internal genital organs Pampiniform plexus of veins Pampiniform plexus of veins Uterine tube Ovarian artery and vein Ligament of ovary Ovarian artery and vein Uterus Isthmus Ampulla Ovarian and tubal branches Infundibulum Fimbriae Ovary Ureter Uterine plexus Uterine plexus Internal iliac artery Internal iliac artery Uterine artery Vaginal artery and Vaginal artery and vein vein Vaginal plexus Vaginal plexus Internal pudendal artery Internal pudendal artery Vagina

23. External genital organs External genital organs Mons pubis Mons pubis Prepuce of clitoris Prepuce of clitoris Labium majus Labium majus Clitoris (glans) Clitoris (glans) External urethral orifice External urethral orifice Labium minus Labium minus Orifice of vagina Orifice of vagina

24. External genital organs External genital organs Crus of clitoris Crus of clitoris Body of clitoris Body of clitoris Glans of clitoris Glans of clitoris Bulb of vestibule Bulb of vestibule Greater vestibular gland Greater vestibular gland

25. Muscles of the pelvis, perineum Muscles of the pelvis, perineum mons pubis DIAPHRAGMA UROGENITALE symphysis pubic bone anus m. gluteus maximus m. levator ani (DIAPHRAGMA PELVIS) coccygeal bone

26. The breast The breast subclavicular lymphnodes parasternal lymphnodes axillar lymphnodes

27. MALE GENITAL ORGANS

28. MALE GENITAL ORGANS Gonads: (production of germ cells; secretion of sex hormones) testes Genital tract: (transport of germ cells) epididymis ductus deferens Sex glands: seminal vesicle prostate bulbourethral gland External genital organs: penis scrotum

29. MALE GENITAL ORGANS Seminal vesicle Prostate Bulbourethral gland Penis Ductus deferens Epididymis Scrotum Testis

30. Male pelvis, sagittal section

31. TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS Spermatic cord Head of epididymis Testis: 4-5 cm long plum-shaped Body of epididymis

32. TESTIS Structure: tunica albuginea connective tissue septa lobules (~200-300): convoluted seminiferous tubules: 30-60 cm long interstitium mediastinum: rete testis Function: production of sperm secretion of male sex hormone: testosterone

33. TESTIS Convoluted seminiferous tubules: Sertoli cell cells of spermatogenesis: spermatogonium primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatid sperm Interstitium: Leydig cell

34. SPERMATOGENESIS Type A spermatogonium (2N, 2C) Spermatocytogenesis 16 --- Type B spermatogonium (2N, 4C) 32 ------------------------ Primary spermatocyte (2N, 4C) Meiosis 64 ---------------- Secondary spermatocyte (1N, 2C) 128 ----- Spermatid (1N, 1C) Spermiogenesis Sperm (1N, 1C)

35. SPERMATOGENESIS Meiosis: production of haploid germ cells: 46 23 chromosome Prophase I genetic variability: crossing-over separation of homologous chromosomes Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Anaphase IITelophase II Metaphase II

36. SPERMATOGENESIS Spermiogenesis: spermatid sperm spermatid sperm

37. EPIDIDYMIS Spermatic cord Head of epididymis Testis Body of epididymis

38. EPIDIDYMIS Structure: head: ductuli efferentes testis: ~10-20 20 cm long body and tail: ductus epididymis: 4-6 m long Function: maturation of sperm storage of sperm

39. DUCTUS DEFERENS, SEMINAL VESICLE AND PROSTATE Ductus deferens Seminal vesicle Prostate Urethra Ductus deferens Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prosta te Urethra

40. DUCTUS DEFERENS Size and shape: 50-60 cm long 3-3.5 mm in diameter 0.5 mm lumen Structure: mucosa extremely thick muscular wall Function: transport of sperm during ejaculation

41. SEMINAL VESICLE Size and shape: 5-10 cm long highly folded tubular gland Structure: mucosa thick muscular wall

42. PROSTATE Size and shape: 4 cm wide, 2 cm a-p, 3 cm vertical chestnut-shaped Structure: stroma: smooth muscle fibroelastic connective tissue glands: mucosal submucosal main Prostatic hypertrophy Prostatic cancer

43. ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS Prostate Seminal vesicle Cowper s gland (bulbourethral gland) Semen: 2-6 ml 99% is produced by accessory glands alkaline pH >20 million (~100 million) sperm / ml >60% motile sperm

44. PENIS Erectile bodies: corpus cavernosum crus penis Parts: glans penis prepuce body root corpus spongiosum glans penis bulbus penis

45. PENIS Crus penis covered by: ischiocavernosus muscle Bulbus penis covered by: bulbospongiosus muscle

46. PENIS

47. SCROTUM Coverings of the testis and spermatic cord: skin of scrotum tunica dartos septum external spermatic fascia cremasteric fascia cremaster muscle internal spermatic fascia tunica vaginalis Function: temperature of testes is maintained at 2-3 C below body temperature

48. MALE URETHRA Urinary bladder Internal urethral orifice Prostate Urogenital diaphragm Corpus spongiosum External urethral orifice

49. MALE URETHRA Size and shape: 20-25 cm long internal urethral orifice sphincter vesicae external urethral orifice Parts: prostatic part: urethral crest, seminal colliculus membranous part spongy part sphincter urethrae

50. DEVELOPMENT OF UROGENITAL ORGANS

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