Understanding Epistaxis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

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.Org
 
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Table Contents
 
Definition
Introduction
Symptoms of Epistaxis
Types of Epistaxis
Causes of Epistaxis
Complications of Epistaxis
Prevention of Epistaxis
Treatment of Epistaxis
Conclusion
 
2
 
Definition
 
   Epistaxis (eh·puh
·stak·
suhs)
comes from the Greek word
epistazein
” which means
"
bleed from the nose
" and
is a combination of the two
words: “
epi
” meaning
"
upon, in addition
" and
stazein
” meaning "
to
drip
".
 
3
 
Introduction
 
Epistaxis (also called a nosebleed) refers to a minor
bleeding from the blood vessels of the nose. Epistaxis
is a commonly-found complaint, especially in fields
of emergency medicine related to the treatment of
ear, nose, and throat (ENT) conditions.
Epistaxis more commonly occurs in children (ages 2–
10) and older adults (ages 50–80). There are two
types of epistaxis depending on their origin: anterior
and posterior epistaxis.
 
4
 
 
5
 
Symptoms of Epistaxis
 
Types of Epistaxis
 
Anterior epistaxis refers to a nosebleed that
originates from the anterior (frontal) part
of the nose.
Anterior epistaxis is the most common type
of nosebleed, and usually involves one
nostril.
 
●●●
6
 
Types of Epistaxis
 
Posterior epistaxis refers to bleeding from
the posterior or superior nasal cavity.
Posterior epistaxis usually involves both
nostrils.
For these types of nosebleeds, the blood
may also flow backwards and uncomfortably
get swallowed or coughed up (hemoptysis).
 
 
7
 
Causes of Epistaxis
 
Local causes
 
Local causes of epistaxis can include local trauma
caused by nose-picking, a foreign body in the nose,
anatomic irregularities such as a deviated septum,
facial trauma, incorrect or excessive use of topical
nasal sprays, inflammatory reactions, and rarely
intranasal tumors.
 
●●●
8
 
Causes of Epistaxis
 
Systemic causes
 
Some systemic conditions that increase the risk of
epistaxis include high blood-
pressure (hypertension), vascular malformations,
cardiovascular diseases, and bleeding disorders.
Additionally, heavy alcohol use can also increase the
risk for epistaxis.
 
●●●
9
 
Causes of Epistaxis
 
Environmental factors
 
Common environmental causes of epistaxis
include changes in temperature or humidity, as
nose vessels are more prone to rupture in cold
weather and dry environments. Additionally,
environmental factors can trigger allergies.
 
●●●
10
 
Causes of Epistaxis
 
Medications
 
Some medications can predispose individuals to
epistaxis. This is especially true for blood thinners,
which interfere with blood clotting. Anticoagulants
such as warfarin, platelet aggregation-
inhibitors, NSAIDs (aspirin and ibuprofen).
 
 
11
 
Complications
 
of Epistaxis
 
 
Hemorrhagic shock.
Septic shock.
Pneumocephalus.
Sinusitis.
Septal pressure necrosis.
Neurogenic syncope during packing.
Epiphora (from blockage of the lacrimal
duct)
Hypoxia (from impaired nasal air movement)
 
 
12
 
13
 
Prevention of Epistaxis
 
 
If you’re taking cold or allergy medications,
make sure you follow the instructions that
come with the package.
Next, if you are taking part in any activities
that can endanger the nose and head, make
sure to wear proper protective headgear.
Lastly, avoid excessive alcohol drinking and
smoking.
 
●●●
14
 
Prevention of Epistaxis
 
 
There are a few tips you can use to
prevent nosebleeds. First, avoid nose-picking
as much as possible, and try to keep
your fingernails short.
Try to not blow your nose too often, and only
gently when you do, especially in winter time
and during allergy seasons
 
 
15
 
Treatment of Epistaxis
 
 
The first step to stop a nosebleed is to apply
direct pressure by pinching the tip of the
nose using two fingers for 15 to 20 minutes.
You can help prevent blood from reaching
the throat by sitting up straight, slightly
leaning forward and tilting your head a little
forward.
 
●●●
16
 
Treatment of Epistaxis
 
 
If the nosebleed is severe, extended,
causes difficulty breathing, makes
you vomit due to swallowing a large amount of
blood, was caused by a serious traumatic
injury.
If a child under two years of age has a
nosebleed, go to the nearest emergency room
and seek for attention from medical
professionals.
 
 
17
 
18
 
Conclusion
 
Nosebleeds (also called epistaxis) are
common
. Some 60% of people will have at
least one nosebleed in their lifetime. The
location of the nose in the middle of the face
and the large number of blood vessels close to
the surface in the lining of your nose make it
an easy target for injury and nosebleeds.
 
19
 
References
 
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Google.com
y
Wikipedia.org
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Studymafia.org
y
Slidespanda.com
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Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is a common condition with various causes such as trauma, tumors, and nasal sprays. It can be anterior or posterior, with different symptoms and treatments. Learn more about prevention strategies and complications in this comprehensive guide.


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  1. StudyMafia.Org Epistaxis Submitted To: Submitted By: Studymafia.org Studymafia.org

  2. Table Contents Definition Introduction Symptoms of Epistaxis Types of Epistaxis Causes of Epistaxis Complications of Epistaxis Prevention of Epistaxis Treatment of Epistaxis Conclusion 2

  3. Definition Epistaxis (eh puh stak suhs) comes from the Greek word epistazein which means "bleed from the nose" and is a combination of the two words: epi meaning "upon, in addition" and stazein meaning "to drip". 3

  4. Introduction Epistaxis (also called a nosebleed) refers to a minor bleeding from the blood vessels of the nose. Epistaxis is a commonly-found complaint, especially in fields of emergency medicine related to the treatment of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) conditions. Epistaxis more commonly occurs in children (ages 2 10) and older adults (ages 50 80). There are two types of epistaxis depending on their origin: anterior and posterior epistaxis. 4

  5. Symptoms of Epistaxis 5

  6. Types of Epistaxis Anterior epistaxis refers to a nosebleed that originates from the anterior (frontal) part of the nose. Anterior epistaxis is the most common type of nosebleed, and usually involves one nostril. 6

  7. Types of Epistaxis Posterior epistaxis refers to bleeding from the posterior or superior nasal cavity. Posterior epistaxis usually involves both nostrils. For these types of nosebleeds, the blood may also flow backwards and uncomfortably get swallowed or coughed up (hemoptysis). 7

  8. Causes of Epistaxis Local causes Local causes of epistaxis can include local trauma caused by nose-picking, a foreign body in the nose, anatomic irregularities such as a deviated septum, facial trauma, incorrect or excessive use of topical nasal sprays, inflammatory reactions, and rarely intranasal tumors. 8

  9. Causes of Epistaxis Systemic causes Some systemic conditions that increase the risk of epistaxis include high blood- pressure (hypertension), vascular malformations, cardiovascular diseases, and bleeding disorders. Additionally, heavy alcohol use can also increase the risk for epistaxis. 9

  10. Causes of Epistaxis Environmental factors Common environmental causes of epistaxis include changes in temperature or humidity, as nose vessels are more prone to rupture in cold weather and dry environments. Additionally, environmental factors can trigger allergies. 10

  11. Causes of Epistaxis Medications Some medications can predispose individuals to epistaxis. This is especially true for blood thinners, which interfere with blood clotting. Anticoagulants such as warfarin, platelet aggregation- inhibitors, NSAIDs (aspirin and ibuprofen). 11

  12. Complicationsof Epistaxis Hemorrhagic shock. Septic shock. Pneumocephalus. Sinusitis. Septal pressure necrosis. Neurogenic syncope during packing. Epiphora (from blockage of the lacrimal duct) Hypoxia (from impaired nasal air movement) 12

  13. 13

  14. Prevention of Epistaxis If you re taking cold or allergy medications, make sure you follow the instructions that come with the package. Next, if you are taking part in any activities that can endanger the nose and head, make sure to wear proper protective headgear. Lastly, avoid excessive alcohol drinking and smoking. 14

  15. Prevention of Epistaxis There are a few tips you can use to prevent nosebleeds. First, avoid nose-picking as much as possible, and try to keep your fingernails short. Try to not blow your nose too often, and only gently when you do, especially in winter time and during allergy seasons 15

  16. Treatment of Epistaxis The first step to stop a nosebleed is to apply direct pressure by pinching the tip of the nose using two fingers for 15 to 20 minutes. You can help prevent blood from reaching the throat by sitting up straight, slightly leaning forward and tilting your head a little forward. 16

  17. Treatment of Epistaxis If the nosebleed is severe, extended, causes difficulty breathing, makes you vomit due to swallowing a large amount of blood, was caused by a serious traumatic injury. If a child under two years of age has a nosebleed, go to the nearest emergency room and seek for attention from medical professionals. 17

  18. 18

  19. Conclusion Nosebleeds (also called epistaxis) are common. Some 60% of people will have at least one nosebleed in their lifetime. The location of the nose in the middle of the face and the large number of blood vessels close to the surface in the lining of your nose make it an easy target for injury and nosebleeds. 19

  20. References Google.com Wikipedia.org Studymafia.org Slidespanda.com

  21. Thanks Thanks To To StudyMafia StudyMafia.org .org

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