Understanding Natural Resources and Sustainable Development

Environmental Studies
Unit 2
Natural Resources and
Sustainable
Development
Resources
A resource 
can be defined as “means of attaining given ends”.
      In simple word it can be defined as “a natural stuff or manmade product
which satisfies human needs or wants directly or indirectly.
An Endowment
 is any natural stuff that exists in environment, the use of
which is not known to man at present.
The
Potential resources 
are that natural stuff that exists in the
environment”, whose use and value is known to man but the stuff is not in
use at present to satisfy human needs or wants.
So the resource is not a static but a dynamic concept.
Classification of Resources
A)
Frequency of occurrence
Ubiquitous – Air, Sunlight
Localized – Coal, oil
B) 
Ownership of resources
Individual resources - land, house
National resources – rivers, forests
International resources -  sunlight, Oceans
C
) Nature of resource
Organic or biotic resources – forests, fish, crops
Inorganic or abiotic resources -  minerals, rocks
 
D) On the basis of durability, availability and regeneration
1.
Natural / Physical Resources
Inexhaustible / Renewable/flow resources – air, water
       
Automatically renewable
       Renewable with efforts of man
Exhaustible/ Non renewable resources
       
Recyclable
       Non recyclable
2. Human/ Cultural
Factors influencing resources
1.
Cost benefit ratio
2.
Cheaper substitutes
3.
Availability of Capital
4.
Market and it’s size
5.
Availability of skilled labors
6.
Customs and traditions of people
7.
Political factors
8.
Resource policy
Methods of Conservation
Substitution
Recycling
Innovation
Minimization of waste
Enforcement of Laws
Correct Estimation
Policy of conservation
Resource Utilisation and
Sustainability
1.
Find substitute to certain resources which are limited. E.g. Coal, Oil.
2.
Waste generated should be easily degradable or its recycling.
3.
Overexploitation of resources must be avoided.
4.
Some strategies for conservation of resources should be formed.
5.
     
Some strategies should be formed while exploiting natural resources.
Rio Declaration 1992
1.
All people shall have healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.
2.
Nations to take precaution to protect environment.
3.
Nations  shall constitute an integral part of the development process.
4.
All nations shall cooperate to conserve resources, protect and restore the health
and ecosystems.
5.
All nations shall reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and
consumption.
6.
Nations shall encourage public awareness and participation.
7.
All nations shall enact all environmental laws and develop their own national laws
8.
Nations shall co-operate to promote an open international economic system.
9.
All nations shall inform each other about natural disasters or activities which may
have harmful impacts on other neighboring nations.
10.
All nations shall share knowledge and innovative technologies to achieve the goal
of sustainability.
Conventional and Non conventional
Energy Resources
Conventional -
 Resources which are neither reusable nor recyclable.
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Water power
Nuclear energy
Non conventional- 
Renewable energy resources.
Solar energy
Wind energy
Tidal energy
Biogas energy
Geothermal energy
Alcohol from biomass
Energy resource
Growing energy demand for growing population, industries, transport sector,
growing urban population, for growing consumerism, wastage of energy resources.
Mitigation and measures for energy conservation
Creation of awareness
Improving efficiency of equipments, machinery, appliances etc.
Energy or fuel conservation
Compulsory energy audits
Development of non conventional energy resources
Improve power sector in India
Increasing use of railways and public transport.
Improvement in vehicle design, road conditions.
Reforms in energy policy.
The imposition of a carbon tax.
Measures to solve energy crisis
Awareness
Improve the efficiency of equipments and upgrade equipments.
Use of non conventional energy resources
Maintaining energy audits
Conservation of sound ecosystem
Improve power sector in India
Modernization of power plants
Cut on subsidies in power sector.
Increasing share of railways and public transport
Promoting efficient practices for conservation in household sector.
Koyna hydroelectricity
Tarapur Nuclear power plant
Solar plant, 3 MW, Mulshi
Wind power plant
Tidal power
Biogas
Geothermal energy, Gujarat
Water Resource
                                                        
Distribution of water
 
Sources of water
Oceans
Snow, Glaciers
Groundwater
Rivers and streams
Lakes and ponds
Wetlands
The atmosphere
Water Pollution
Sewage
Industrial Effluents
Eutrophication
Sedimentation and Silting
Radioactive waste
Thermal pollution
Water Management
Construction of small dams
Conservation in agricultural sector
Conservation in urban areas
Water shed management
Rain water harvesting
Reclaiming wetlands
Forest belt
Controlling water pollution
 
 
 
Forest Resources
Importance
Ecological Balance
Food
Fuel
Forest products
Medicines
Raw material
Distribution of forest
 
A.   Tropical hardwood forest (0 to 30 degree N & S of equator)
1.
Wet equatorial forest: 
Hot and wet climate. Congo basin of Africa,
Amazon basin of South America, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines. These
forests contribute for 5.20% forest area of the world. Dense forest with
tall trees. E.g. Ebony, Mahogany, Rosewood, Ironwood, Brazil nut, Rubber.
2.
Monsoon forest: 
Semi evergreen trees. India, Myanmar, Thailand etc.
         This forest  contribute for 9% forest area of the world. These forests are
broad leafed and shed leaves during dry season so called as deciduous
forest. E.g Teak, Sal, Sandalwood, Mango, Neem.
B. Temperate hardwood forests. (30 to 50 degree N & S latitudes)
       
Temperature and rainfall is moderate. N.W. Europe, N.E. United States of
America, S. W. Siberia. Japan, Korea, China. These forests contribute for
13% of forest area of the world. E.g. Oak, Birch, Maple, Walnut, Chestnut
 
C . Temperate softwood coniferous or Taiga forests. (30 to 50
degree N & S   latitudes)
       
This forest covers a broad belt of land in N. America and Eurasia. Climate
is cold, with precipitation in the form of snow. Trees have conical shape
with needle shape leaves. These forests contribute for 25 % forest area of
the world. E.g. Pine, Spruce, Birch, Haddock. Countries are Canada, U.S.A,
Norway, Sweden, Finland and Eastern Russia.
Causes of deforestation
Agriculture and grazing
Beef for World Market
Commercial logging
Logging concessions
Raising of crops
Effects of deforestation
Atmospheric pollution
Disturbances in hydrological cycle
Deforestation
Loss of biodiversity
Increased rate of soil erosion
Increased risk of landslides
Economic losses
Forest management- Afforestation
Forest Management/
Measures to solve forest problems
Afforestation
Improved cutting practices
Control forest fire
Control on pest and diseases on forest
Reduce wastage of forest products
Use of substitute products
Increase the area under forest cover
Stop indiscriminate lumbering
Increase logging taxes
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Explore the classification and utilization of resources, factors influencing them, methods of conservation, and strategies for sustainable development outlined in this comprehensive guide. Learn how to identify, protect, and manage natural resources effectively for a more sustainable future.


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  1. Environmental Studies Unit 2 Natural Resources and Sustainable Development

  2. Resources A resource can be defined as means of attaining given ends . In simple word it can be defined as a natural stuff or manmade product which satisfies human needs or wants directly or indirectly. An Endowment is any natural stuff that exists in environment, the use of which is not known to man at present. The Potential resources are that natural stuff that exists in the environment , whose use and value is known to man but the stuff is not in use at present to satisfy human needs or wants. So the resource is not a static but a dynamic concept.

  3. Classification of Resources A) Frequency of occurrence Ubiquitous Air, Sunlight Localized Coal, oil B) Ownership of resources Individual resources - land, house National resources rivers, forests International resources - sunlight, Oceans C) Nature of resource Organic or biotic resources forests, fish, crops Inorganic or abiotic resources - minerals, rocks

  4. D) On the basis of durability, availability and regeneration 1. Natural / Physical Resources Inexhaustible / Renewable/flow resources air, water Automatically renewable Renewable with efforts of man Exhaustible/ Non renewable resources Recyclable Non recyclable 2. Human/ Cultural

  5. Factors influencing resources 1. Cost benefit ratio 2. Cheaper substitutes 3. Availability of Capital 4. Market and it s size 5. Availability of skilled labors 6. Customs and traditions of people 7. Political factors 8. Resource policy

  6. Methods of Conservation Substitution Recycling Innovation Minimization of waste Enforcement of Laws Correct Estimation Policy of conservation

  7. Resource Utilisation and Sustainability 1. Find substitute to certain resources which are limited. E.g. Coal, Oil. 2. Waste generated should be easily degradable or its recycling. 3. Overexploitation of resources must be avoided. 4. Some strategies for conservation of resources should be formed. 5. Some strategies should be formed while exploiting natural resources.

  8. Rio Declaration 1992 1. 2. 3. 4. All people shall have healthy and productive life in harmony with nature. Nations to take precaution to protect environment. Nations shall constitute an integral part of the development process. All nations shall cooperate to conserve resources, protect and restore the health and ecosystems. All nations shall reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption. Nations shall encourage public awareness and participation. All nations shall enact all environmental laws and develop their own national laws Nations shall co-operate to promote an open international economic system. All nations shall inform each other about natural disasters or activities which may have harmful impacts on other neighboring nations. 10. All nations shall share knowledge and innovative technologies to achieve the goal of sustainability. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

  9. Conventional and Non conventional Energy Resources Coal Oil Natural Gas Water power Nuclear energy Non conventional- Renewable energy resources. Solar energy Wind energy Tidal energy Biogas energy Geothermal energy Alcohol from biomass Conventional - Resources which are neither reusable nor recyclable.

  10. Energy resource Growing energy demand for growing population, industries, transport sector, growing urban population, for growing consumerism, wastage of energy resources. Mitigation and measures for energy conservation Creation of awareness Improving efficiency of equipments, machinery, appliances etc. Energy or fuel conservation Compulsory energy audits Development of non conventional energy resources Improve power sector in India Increasing use of railways and public transport. Improvement in vehicle design, road conditions. Reforms in energy policy. The imposition of a carbon tax.

  11. Measures to solve energy crisis Awareness Improve the efficiency of equipments and upgrade equipments. Use of non conventional energy resources Maintaining energy audits Conservation of sound ecosystem Improve power sector in India Modernization of power plants Cut on subsidies in power sector. Increasing share of railways and public transport Promoting efficient practices for conservation in household sector.

  12. Koyna hydroelectricity

  13. Tarapur Nuclear power plant

  14. Solar plant, 3 MW, Mulshi

  15. Wind power plant

  16. Tidal power

  17. Biogas

  18. Geothermal energy, Gujarat

  19. Water Resource Distribution of water

  20. Sources of water Oceans Snow, Glaciers Groundwater Rivers and streams Lakes and ponds Wetlands The atmosphere

  21. Water Pollution Sewage Industrial Effluents Eutrophication Sedimentation and Silting Radioactive waste Thermal pollution

  22. Water Management Construction of small dams Conservation in agricultural sector Conservation in urban areas Water shed management Rain water harvesting Reclaiming wetlands Forest belt Controlling water pollution

  23. Forest Resources Importance Ecological Balance Food Fuel Forest products Medicines Raw material

  24. Distribution of forest

  25. A. Tropical hardwood forest (0 to 30 degree N & S of equator) 1. Wet equatorial forest: Hot and wet climate. Congo basin of Africa, Amazon basin of South America, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines. These forests contribute for 5.20% forest area of the world. Dense forest with tall trees. E.g. Ebony, Mahogany, Rosewood, Ironwood, Brazil nut, Rubber. 2. Monsoon forest: Semi evergreen trees. India, Myanmar, Thailand etc. This forest contribute for 9% forest area of the world. These forests are broad leafed and shed leaves during dry season so called as deciduous forest. E.g Teak, Sal, Sandalwood, Mango, Neem. B. Temperate hardwood forests. (30 to 50 degree N & S latitudes) Temperature and rainfall is moderate. N.W. Europe, N.E. United States of America, S. W. Siberia. Japan, Korea, China. These forests contribute for 13% of forest area of the world. E.g. Oak, Birch, Maple, Walnut, Chestnut

  26. C . Temperate softwood coniferous or Taiga forests. (30 to 50 degree N & S latitudes) This forest covers a broad belt of land in N. America and Eurasia. Climate is cold, with precipitation in the form of snow. Trees have conical shape with needle shape leaves. These forests contribute for 25 % forest area of the world. E.g. Pine, Spruce, Birch, Haddock. Countries are Canada, U.S.A, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Eastern Russia.

  27. Causes of deforestation Agriculture and grazing Beef for World Market Commercial logging Logging concessions Raising of crops

  28. Effects of deforestation Atmospheric pollution Disturbances in hydrological cycle Deforestation Loss of biodiversity Increased rate of soil erosion Increased risk of landslides Economic losses

  29. Forest management- Afforestation

  30. Forest Management/ Measures to solve forest problems Afforestation Improved cutting practices Control forest fire Control on pest and diseases on forest Reduce wastage of forest products Use of substitute products Increase the area under forest cover Stop indiscriminate lumbering Increase logging taxes

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