Agronomical Practices for Fodder Production - Part 2

 
Agronomical Practices for fodder
production (Part -2)
 
 
 By-
                                                         Sanjay Kumar
                                                                 Asst. Prof., Dept. of LPM, BVC,
                                                             Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna
 
General cultivation concept for fodder
production
 
 
 
1.
Tillage
- 
Tillage is defined as the mechanical manipulation of the soil for the
purpose of crop production.
 
 
It is the 
turning the soil to control for weeds and pests and to prepare for seeding.
 The fundamental purposes of tillage are-
 (i) to prepare a suitable seedbed,
 (ii) to eliminate competition from weed growth, and
 (iii) to improve the physical condition of the soil.
  Annual fodder crops require minimum tillage of 2 or 3 ploughings.
 
 
Types of tillage
 
Tillage is of 2 types-
1. Primary tillage
              It is further of 3 types-
   a
. Deep tillage
    b. Sub-soiling
     c. Year round tillage
 
2. Secondary tillage
 
Types of Primary Tillage
 
 
They are deep ploughing, subsoiling and year-round tillage
.
Deep Tillage
Deep ploughing turns out large sized clods, which are baked by the
hot sun when it is done in summer. These clods crumble due to
alternate heating and cooling and due to occasional summer
showers.
.
A deep tillage of 25-30 cm depth is necessary for deep rooted crop
like pigeon pea while moderate deep tillage of 15-20 cm is required
for maize.
Deep tillage also improves soil moisture content.
 However the advantage of deep tillage in dry farming condition
depends on rainfall pattern and crop.
It is advisable to go for deep ploughing only for long duration, deep
rooted crops.
 
Subsoiling
 
 
Hard pans may be present in the soil which restrict root growth of
crops. These may be silt pans, iron or aluminium pans, clay pans or -
man-made pans. Man-made pans are tillage pans induced by repeated
tillage at the same depth.
Subsoiling is breaking the hard pan without inversion and with less
disturbance of top soil.
A narrow cut is made in the top soil while share of the subsoiler
shatters hard pans.
 Chisel ploughs are also used to break hard pans present even at 60-70
cm.
The effect of subsoiling does not last long.
 
Year-round Tillage
 
Tillage operations carried out throughout the year are
known as year-round tillage.
 
Repeated tillage operations are carried out until sowing
of the crop.
 
 Even after harvest of the crop, the field is repeatedly
ploughed or harrowed to avoid weed growth in the off
seaso
n.
 
          Secondary Tillage
 
Lighter or finer operations performed on the soil after
primary tillage are known as secondary tillage.
 After ploughing, the fields are left with large clods with
some weeds and stubbles partially uprooted.
 
Harrowing is done to a shallow depth to crush the clods and
to uproot the remaining weeds and stubbles.
 Disc harrows, cultivators, blade harrows etc., are used for
this purpose.
 
Tillage
 
Tillage
 
 
Manures and fertilizers 
– Generally forage crops takes
nutrient from residual effect of manuring done to the
previous crop. So, extra manure is not required , but
sometime for good yield additional manure application may
be applied.
Manures are obtained from natural sources,
whereas fertilizers are synthetically manufactured in
the factories.
Manures are organic in nature and eco-friendly,
whereas fertilizers are inorganic in nature and may harm the
useful microbes present in the soil and also decrease the soil
fertility if used for a longer time
.
 
 
Manures and Fertilizers
 
Seed Rate
 
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Heavy seed rate is adopted for annual fodder. It will give thick stand of
crop with good yield.
 
I
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To maintain optimum plant population in the
field for higher yield harvest.
 
 To prevent 
seed
 wastage from excess sowing
such reduces the initial 
cost
 of production.
 
 To know the quantity of 
seed
 needed for
sowing in advance.
 
Seed inoculation-
 
Seed inoculation
 is the practice of covering the 
seed
 surface with a
nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium or Brady rhizobium) prior to
planting.
 
The bacteria penetrates the root, resulting in the formation of root
nodules that fix nitrogen from the air and make it readily available to
the plant.
 It protects the nitrogen fixing bacteria, needed, due to the fact that
most 
seeds
 carry natural toxins against soil decay which destroy
Rhizobia as well.
 
Typically, 
inoculation
 is performed via mechanical wounding or
grafting. Mechanical 
inoculation
 includes cutting, slashing, and
rubbing
 
Stage of harvesting-
 
Different crops have different harvesting stage.
         
The 
milk stage
 is when the grain head releases a
white liquid substance when opened. The 
dough
stage
 is when the grain head begins to turn to a doughy
consistency. As the plant matures from the
boot 
stage
 to the 
dough stage
forage
 quality decreases
while yield increases.
In annual grain crops, harvesting should be done at
milk stage, while in leguminous crop, harvesting
should be done at pod formation stage.
 
Fodder Conservation
 
Fodder Conservation methods-
 
Excess or surplus fodder are conserved by hay or silage
making methods depending upon the weather conditions.
Ensiling is a process which involves the 
conservation
 of
green 
fodder
 crops, grasses and the storage over long
period.
Feeding strategies based on conserved 
fodder
 include
feeding of dry 
fodder
 (hay, dried crop residues or grazing
of dried grasses), silage (preserved green 
fodder
 or grasses)
and standing hay/stover (standing mature 
fodder
 crop or
crop residue
 
Crop rotation
 
 
Crop rotation
 is the practice of planting
different 
crops
 sequentially on the same plot of land to improve
soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and
weed pressure.
 Some crops are cultivated as catch crops before or after main
crop production or in between two important crops.
It will improve the palatability or nutritive value of forage
material. eg- production of legume crop after rice crop.
The sequence of 
four crops
 (wheat, turnips, barley and clover),
included a fodder 
crop
 and a grazing 
crop
, allowing livestock
to be bred year-round.
 
 
Rice-fallow crops
 
In the 
rice
-
fallow
 system, rainfed 
rice
 is grown in the wet season
(kharif) and the land lies 
fallow
 during the subsequent dry winter
(Rabi) and summer periods, except for weeds that are grazed.
Rice
-
fallow
 cropland areas are those areas where 
rice
 is grown
during the kharif growing season (June–October), followed by
fallow
 during the rabi season (November–February).
In eastern India, vast areas are lying 
fallow
 after the 
rice
 (Oryza
sativa L.) crop is harvested. 
Rice
-
fallow
 areas can be better utilized
in establishing 
pulse
 crop utilizing the residual soil moisture
through conservation agricultural practices,  after the harvest
of 
rice
 crop by utilizing the residual soil moisture.
 
Moisture availability- 
For good yield of fodder, the soil
moisture range  from field capacity to about 75% of availability
 
 
Thanks
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General cultivation concepts for fodder production include primary and secondary tillage practices. Primary tillage consists of deep ploughing, subsoiling, and year-round tillage. Deep tillage is essential for deep-rooted crops while subsoiling breaks hard pans in the soil. Year-round tillage involves operations carried out throughout the year. Secondary tillage includes finer operations after primary tillage to prepare the soil for sowing.


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  1. Agronomical Practices for fodder production (Part -2) By- Sanjay Kumar Asst. Prof., Dept. of LPM, BVC, Bihar Animal Sciences University, Patna

  2. General cultivation concept for fodder production 1. Tillage- Tillage is defined as the mechanical manipulation of the soil for the purpose of crop production. It is the turning the soil to control for weeds and pests and to prepare for seeding. The fundamental purposes of tillage are- (i) to prepare a suitable seedbed, (ii) to eliminate competition from weed growth, and (iii) to improve the physical condition of the soil. Annual fodder crops require minimum tillage of 2 or 3 ploughings.

  3. Types of tillage Tillage is of 2 types- 1. Primary tillage It is further of 3 types- a. Deep tillage b. Sub-soiling c. Year round tillage 2. Secondary tillage

  4. Types of Primary Tillage They are deep ploughing, subsoiling and year-round tillage. Deep Tillage Deep ploughing turns out large sized clods, which are baked by the hot sun when it is done in summer. These clods crumble due to alternate heating and cooling and due to occasional summer showers. . A deep tillage of 25-30 cm depth is necessary for deep rooted crop like pigeon pea while moderate deep tillage of 15-20 cm is required for maize. Deep tillage also improves soil moisture content. However the advantage of deep tillage in dry farming condition depends on rainfall pattern and crop. It is advisable to go for deep ploughing only for long duration, deep rooted crops.

  5. Subsoiling Hard pans may be present in the soil which restrict root growth of crops. These may be silt pans, iron or aluminium pans, clay pans or - man-made pans. Man-made pans are tillage pans induced by repeated tillage at the same depth. Subsoiling is breaking the hard pan without inversion and with less disturbance of top soil. A narrow cut is made in the top soil while share of the subsoiler shatters hard pans. Chisel ploughs are also used to break hard pans present even at 60-70 cm. The effect of subsoiling does not last long.

  6. Year-round Tillage Tillage operations carried out throughout the year are known as year-round tillage. Repeated tillage operations are carried out until sowing of the crop. Even after harvest of the crop, the field is repeatedly ploughed or harrowed to avoid weed growth in the off season.

  7. Secondary Tillage Lighter or finer operations performed on the soil after primary tillage are known as secondary tillage. After ploughing, the fields are left with large clods with some weeds and stubbles partially uprooted. Harrowing is done to a shallow depth to crush the clods and to uproot the remaining weeds and stubbles. Disc harrows, cultivators, blade harrows etc., are used for this purpose.

  8. Tillage

  9. Tillage

  10. Manures and fertilizers Generally forage crops takes nutrient from residual effect of manuring done to the previous crop. So, extra manure is not required , but sometime for good yield additional manure application may be applied. Manures are obtained whereas fertilizers are synthetically the factories. Manures are organic in whereas fertilizers are inorganic in nature and may harm the useful microbes present in the soil and also decrease the soil fertility if used for a longer time. from natural manufactured sources, in nature and eco-friendly,

  11. Manures and Fertilizers

  12. Seed Rate Seed rate is the quantity of seed of a crop that is required to sow a unit area of land for optimum crop production. Heavy seed rate is adopted for annual fodder. It will give thick stand of crop with good yield.

  13. Importance of determining seed rate To maintain optimum plant population in the field for higher yield harvest. To prevent seed wastage from excess sowing such reduces the initial cost of production. To know the quantity of seed needed for sowing in advance.

  14. Seed inoculation- Seed inoculation is the practice of covering the seed surface with a nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium or Brady rhizobium) prior to planting. The bacteria penetrates the root, resulting in the formation of root nodules that fix nitrogen from the air and make it readily available to the plant. It protects the nitrogen fixing bacteria, needed, due to the fact that most seeds carry natural toxins against soil decay which destroy Rhizobia as well. Typically, inoculation is performed via mechanical wounding or grafting. Mechanical inoculation includes cutting, slashing, and rubbing

  15. Stage of harvesting- Different crops have different harvesting stage. The milk stage is when the grain head releases a white liquid substance when opened. The dough stage is when the grain head begins to turn to a doughy consistency. As the plant boot stage to the dough stage, forage quality decreases while yield increases. In annual grain crops, harvesting should be done at milk stage, while in leguminous crop, harvesting should be done at pod formation stage. matures from the

  16. Fodder Conservation Fodder Conservation methods- Excess or surplus fodder are conserved by hay or silage making methods depending upon the weather conditions. Ensiling is a process which involves the conservation of green fodder crops, grasses and the storage over long period. Feeding strategies based on conserved fodder include feeding of dry fodder (hay, dried crop residues or grazing of dried grasses), silage (preserved green fodder or grasses) and standing hay/stover (standing mature fodder crop or crop residue

  17. Crop rotation Crop different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and weed pressure. Some crops are cultivated as catch crops before or after main crop production or in between two important crops. It will improve the palatability or nutritive value of forage material. eg- production of legume crop after rice crop. The sequence of four crops (wheat, turnips, barley and clover), included a fodder crop and a grazing crop, allowing livestock to be bred year-round. rotation is the practice of planting

  18. Rice-fallow crops In the rice-fallow system, rainfed rice is grown in the wet season (kharif) and the land lies fallow during the subsequent dry winter (Rabi) and summer periods, except for weeds that are grazed. Rice-fallow cropland areas are those areas where rice is grown during the kharif growing season (June October), followed by a fallow during the rabi season (November February). In eastern India, vast areas are lying fallow after the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop is harvested. Rice-fallow areas can be better utilized in establishing pulse crop utilizing the residual soil moisture through conservation agricultural practices, of rice crop by utilizing the residual soil moisture. after the harvest

  19. Moisture availability- For good yield of fodder, the soil moisture range from field capacity to about 75% of availability Thanks

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