Assisting with Oral Feeding, Dysphagia Management, and Enteral Tube Feeding in Healthcare
This content covers essential aspects of assisting with oral feeding for individuals at risk for aspiration, managing dysphagia with specific recommendations and diet progression, and enteral tube feeding procedures and complications. It emphasizes safety, dignity, and independence in feeding practices and provides guidance on preventing aspiration, thickening liquids, diet progression, and complications associated with enteral feeding.
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CHAPTER 44 NG TUBE INSERTION, TUBE FEEDING, AND PEG CARE.
ASSISTING WITH ORAL FEEDING 1. Safety 2. Independence 3. Dignity Those at risk for aspiration: decreased level of alertness, decreased gag reflex, or cough reflex, and those who have difficult managing saliva. Skill 44-1 ( Aspiration Precautions)
DYSPHAGIA Identified by speech therapist and recommendations are made: Hand hygiene prior to meals -elevate HOB 30 minutes prior to eating & rest 30 minutes prior to eating. Upright 30 minutes after eating at 90 degrees. Head to chin down position to prevent aspiration Liquids may need to be thickened to consistency of mashed potatoes. Foods may need to be pureed. Place to 1 teaspoon of food on unaffected side of the mouth, allowing the utensil to touch the mouth or tongue. Do NOT use straw. Promote swallowing effort by placing hand on throat to gently palpate swallowing as it occurs. Have patient swallow twice to clear the pharynx. Provide verbal coaching of swallowing process and give positive reinforcement. Observe for coughing, choking, gagging or drooling of food. May need to suction. Provide hand hygiene & oral care after meals
DYSPHAGIA May have to use thicker ( 4 types of liquid thicker) A-thin liquid or low viscosity B-nectar like liquid ( medium viscosity) C-honey like liquid D-Spoon thick liquid ( pudding viscosity) Always feed slowly and allow to empty mouth between feedings. May require verbal couching for each step in process
DIET PROGRESSION ( BOX 44-10) NPO: NOTHING BY MOUTH Clear Liquid ( Broth, Ginger Ale, coffee, tea) Full Liquid ( ice cream, custards, cooked cereal) Pureed- ( scrambled eggs, pureed meats) Mechanical soft ( cottage cheese rice, cooked fruits) Soft-low Residue High Residue Low sodium Low cholesterol Diabetic Regular
ENTERAL TUBE FEEDING Nutrients given in the GI tract 3 ways to receive nasogastric, jejunal, or gastric tubes. 4 types formula: Milk based blenderized foods, modular formulas, elemental formulas, and specialty formula. Increase rate every 8-12hrs based on dr s order if no intolerance ( Box 44-12) s/s intolerance- high gastric residual, nausea, cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea Box 44-11 indications for eternal and parenteral nutrition.
ENTERAL FEEDING COMPLICATIONS Aspiration Diarrhea Constipation Tube occlusion Tube displacement Delayed gastric emptying Serum electrolyte imbalance ( Table 44-7)
INSERTING NASOENTERIC TUBE FOR ENTERAL FEEDINGS Skill 44-2 Inserting NG Tube for Enteral Feeding Skill 44-3- Administration of Enteral Feedings Insertion of tube will make client gag Must check placement of feeding tube before starting feeding Gastric intestinal aspiration for PH is most accurate for placements after x-ray ( normal ph 0-4 of gastric secretions. ( x-ray most reliable) If complains of cramping then decrease rate, and or fluids may also be to cold.
TUBE FEEDINGS INFUSION PUMPS Tube feedings always on pump Consult doctor rate ( usually 40-60) Good to maintain constant rate Tubing changed every 24hrs Never d/c suddenly will cause hypoglycemic reactions. Mouth care every 2 hrs
PARENTERAL NUTRITION (TPN) Administered to clients who are unable to digest or absorb eternal nutrition Provided Intravenous May also be known as lipid emulsions, run over 24hrs, contain kilo-calories and prevent fatty acid deficiencies.
NASO GASTRIC INTUBATION Decompression-Removal of secretions and gaseous substances from the GI tract Enteral feeding- Installation of liquid nutrition Lavage- irrigation of stomach in cases of active bleeding, poisoning, or gastric dilation.
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