Understanding Organisational Behavior Models and Perception Process
Every organization develops a behavior model based on management's assumptions and vision. Davis described four OB models: Autocratic, Custodial, Supportive, and Collegial, each representing different managerial orientations. Perception is a cognitive process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting events in the environment. It involves perceptual inputs, mechanisms, and organization processes that influence behavior.
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Organisational behavior Models Every organisation develop a particular model in which behavioour of the people takes place. This model is developed on the basis of managements assumptions bout the people and the vision of the mgt. This can be varry to a great extent . These leads to develop various OB models. Most of the orgn tend to be arranged on the assumption that people cannot be trusted or relied on even tiny matters. Davis has described four OB Models they are 1. Autocratic Model 2. Cutodial Model 3. Supportive Model 4. Collegial Model 5. Autocratic Model: Managerial orientation is towards power managers see that authority is the means to get work done by others. The result is high dependent on the boss. The cutocratic model represents traditional thinking which is based on the economic concept of the man. In many situation this model is quite useful particularly employees can be motivated by physiological needs.
2. Custodial Model: Use of money pay for the employees benefits. Employees hope to obtained security the reduce in personnel dependent on organisation. Employees are getting adequate rewards and orgnisational security ,they feel very happy. What is good and what is bad is decided for employees by the managers. 3. Supportive Model: The supportive model on orgl behavior depends on managerial leadership rather than on the use of money or power. The aim of managers is to support employees in their achievement of results. The main focus is on the participation and involvement of employees in managerial decision making process. Thes leadership and other process of the orgn must ensure a maximum probapility in all interactions and all relationship. 4. Collegial Model : Collegial model is the extension of supportive model.Collegial refers to body of people having common purpose .It is based on the team concept each employee having high degree of understanding towards others. Employee need little control and direction from Mgt. All those orgl behavior models based on the characteristics and how they can work o best . This melds are constructed around need heerarchy.
PERCEPTION : Perception is the congnitive process of selecting, organising, and interpreting or attaching meaning to the events happening in the environment. Acco to Robbins perception is a process by which individual organise and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Features: 1. Perception is the intellectual process through a person selects and organises it data from the environment 2. Perception is the basic cognitive or psychological process ie the manner in which a person perceives the environment affects his behavior.(Actions,emotions thoughts or feeling are triggered. 3. Subjectively perceived reality in any given setting may differed for diff people. Perceptual outputs Actions Perceptual throughputs Receiving Selecting Organising Interpreting Perceptual inputs Stimuli Characteristics of stimulus or inputs Attitude, opinion, Feelings. values Characteristics of situation Characteristics of perceiver
Inputs: objects events, people everything contribute to the occurance of events can be termed as perceptual inputs. Perceptual Mechanism: Perceptual mechanism involves three elements ie selection of stimuli External related to stimulus internal related to perceiver 2. orgnisation: After stimuli are received these are organised in some form of order to make sense. The various forms of organisation stimuli are figure- ground,grouping simplification and closure. Interpretation: The perceptual inputs have been organised will have to be interpreted by the receiver. So that he can sense and extract some meaning of what is going on in the situation.In terms of their assumptions of people thinga and situation (good/bad Beautiful/ugly) social, physical or organisationalsettings in which object is perceived affect the interpretation. Outputs: The output may be in the form of covert actions like development of attitudes, openions, beliefs, impressions about the stimuli under considedration. The outputs along with other factors affecting human behaviour may result overt behaviour e.g But goods based on avilability, need and capacity.
Nature of human Behavior: Behaviour means the way human being behave and what a person does. Further it is divided into observable and non- observable. Observable means measureable activity of human being and it is known as overt behaviour. This may be in the form of mental process like decision making or physical process like handling machine. There is another behaviour which is non-observable or measureable known as covert bahaviour. Eg. feelings, attitude, favourable, non-favourable etc. PROCESS OF BEHAVIOUR: Based on the analysis of behaviour process over the period of time three models of behaviour process have been developed these are i) S-R model(S- Stimulus, R- Retention) ii) S-O-R model iii) S-O-B-C model. 1. S-R model: This model suggests that the behaviour is caused by certain reasons. The reasons may be the internal feeling (motivation) or external environment(stimulus). A stimulus is an agent such as heat, light , piece of information etc. without the stimulus there is no information to be handled by the internal processes prior to action taken by the person. The situation interacting with the human being proceeds and causes behaviour.
S-O-R Model: By inserting O (organism) in the classical S-R model. It is based upon stimulus Processed by the organism followed by the behaviour. The O is not passive or immobile as assumed in S-R model. Rather O is viewed as a mediating, maintenance and adjustive function between S and R. O is constantly active scanning its surroundings, monitoring its own actions seeking certain conditions and avoiding others. There are three categories of maintenance organs of O are responsible for its health and growth. They are receptors(sense organs), connector(nervous organs) effectors (muscles and glands). S-O-B-C model: It incorporates more complex mechanism of human behaviour which modifies and extends S-O-R model. S stands for situation which is more comprehensive than stimuli of S-O-R model and incorporates all aspects of the environment. Here B stands for pattern of behaviour C stands for contingent consequences. In S-O-B-C model behaviour takes place bcz of interaction among different element of human behaviour like Situation Organism ,Behaviour pattern and Consequences. The understanding and predicting and directing the human behaviour in organisation may be increased when we identify and analyze the different variables which go in shaping the behaviour.
PERSONALITY: Acco to Allport personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment. The term personality has been derived from Latin word persona which means speak through. Personality is used in terms of influencing others through External appearance. However external appearance does not make the whole personality .Acco to Ruch personality should include External appearance and behaviour or social stimulus value. inner-awareness of self as a permanent organising force and Particular pattern or organising of measurable traits both inner and outer. Taking these aspect together personality embraces all the unique traits and patterns of adjustment of the individual in his relationship with others and his environment. PERSONALITY DEVELOPEMENT : Personality development can be seek through different stages of age of an individual. At each stage a person develops different aspect of personality. These descriptions may be classified into i) Freudian Stages ii) Neo Freudian stages. i) Freudian Stages are as follows 1. Oral Stage(from birth to 18 months): This period may be divided into oral sucking and oral biting . Oral sucking takes place from birth to 8 months in which a child is not fed properly he satisfies himself by sucking his thumb or finger.
After 8 months the mother stopped his feeding oral bitting starts at the age of 8 months. The child enjoys in biting and sucking and feels pleasure in this stage. If he is denied feeding which creates problems of personality development. 2. Anal Stage : (18 months to 3 yrs) In this stage a child express his anger by urninating or defecating at wrong places. Ego is developed at this stage and the child understand that he is from particular sex At the later period of this stage child understand the toilet control. If proper attention is not paid to the child, he experiences stress which affect his personality. 3. Phallic Stage(3 to 7 yrs) : This stage the child learns to discriminate genitials. He differentiate his brother and sisters or other children. At this stage the child prone to develop many types of complexes. 4. Latency Stage: This stage is from 7 to 12 years. At this stage childs sexual instincts are usually at sleep bcz of social fear. His outward interest grow. He enjoys playing and talking with his friends. 5. Genital Stage: This stage is from 12 to 20 yrs . The sexual organs grow. The children at this stage start telling false stories and day dreaming. When boys and girls are alone thy feel depressed and defeated and satisfy themselves. Erikson s psychological stages: 1. Oral sensory stage
1. Oral sensory stage: Infant who is cared well develop trust, but who is not well cared developed mistrust. This stage makes serious impact on a child s behaviour. 2. Mascular and Anal stage: At this stage child develop a sense of autonomy is his behaviour is approved by the parents and others. If there is any disapproval by the elders he develops a sense of doubt and shame. 3. Locomotor Genital stage: At this stage the child tries to resolve the crisis of initiative versus guilt. If the child is encouraged to experiment and to achieve reasonable goals he develops a sense of initiative. If the child is blocked he develops a sense of guilt and lack of self-confidence. 4. Latency stage: This is the school going stage. The child tries to develop many new skills and social abilities. He develops a progress at a rate of compatible with abilities. otherwise he develops a sense of inferiority. 5. Adolescence: Adolescent person tries to gain a sense of identity . He tries to establish himself as socially different from his parents. He tries to resolve the crisis of identity versus confusion. 6. Early Adulthood: At this stage of early 20 s of the life he tries to resolve intimacy versus isolation. Teenage helps the early adult to deep relationship. 7. Young and middle Adulthood: The late 20 s stage of the life generativity versus stagnation. Productivity at work and societal advancement is important for them. They try to become innovative and creative. Self-absorbed persons don t look beyond themselves. 8. Mature Adulthood: This is the he 30 s stage which a person faces integrity versus despair. At this stage the person gets maturity, wisdom and perspective that can guide the younger generations.
