Agriculture and Economic Botany Overview

 
Cultivated plants and
cereal crops
 
BRACHES OF ECONOMIC BOTANY
 
1.
Economic botany 
is a branch of botany that deals with the commercial exploitation of
plants by people, in simple words, it is the intraction of people with plants.
Branches of economic botany :
1.
Agriculture
2.
Horticulture
3.
Forestry
4.
Plant breeding
5.
Pharmcolnogy
6.
Plant pathology
 
CLASSIFICATION OF CROP PLANTS:
 
Classification of crop plants
1.
Classification based on growing season:
Kharif, Rainy season or Moonsoon crops are grown in monsoon months from
June to October, examples:- Maize, Rice, Cotton, Jower, Bajra etc.
Rabi, winter or cold  season crops are growns in winter season from October
to March e.g. Whaet, Gram, sunflower etc.
Summer or zaid crops are grown in summer month from March to June e.g.
Watermelon, pumpkin, gourds etc.
 
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON USE
 
1.
Grains crop – Rice, Wheat, Maize, Barley, Jowas etc.
2.
Pulses or legumes crops – green gram
3.
Vegetables crops – ladyfinger, beans, brinjal, tomato
etc.
4.
Sugar crops – Sugarcane, Sugarbeet etc.
5.
Roots crops – potato, yam etc.
 
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
 
1.
Cash crop :- These crops are grown
for earning money e.g. sugarcane,
cotton etc.
2.
Food crops :- These crops are grown
food for humans and fodder for
cattle e.g. Wheat, Rice, Maize, Jowas
etc.
 
CROP PRODUCTION
 
1.
Dr. Morman Ernest Borlaug is the father of Green
Revolution and winner of Nobel peace Prize in 1970.
2.
Dr. Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan is the
father of Green Revolution in India.
3.
Crop production in india is shown with the help of  π
– chart
 
 
 
 
1.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was a
prominent Russian and Soviet botanist
and genetified best known for having
idenrified the centres of origin in
cultivated plants.
2.
He Devoted his life to the study and
improvement of wheat , corn, and
other cereal crops that sustain the
global population
 
CENTER OF ORIGIN
 
VAVILOV EIGHT CENTRE OF ORIGIN
 
1.
Chinese center
2.
Indian centre
3.
Asiatic  centre
4.
Near eastern centre
5.
Mediterranean centre
6.
Assyinian centre
7.
South Mexican and centre American centre
8.
South American centre
 
 
 
(I). CHINESE CENTRE
 
1.
The largest independent centre which includes the mountainous regions of central and western china,
and adjacent lowlands.
2.
A total of 36 endmic plants are listed, among which are few knows to us as important crop.
3.
Cereals :- Asian rice, proso and fextail millet, Italian millet
4.
Pulses :- Soybean, adzukl bean
5.
Root and tuber crops :- Turnip, yams
6.
Oil crops :- rape seed
7.
Fruit & nuts :- chinese hickory, chestnut, persimmom, litchi, apricot, peach
8.
Vegetables & spices :- chinese cabbage, ginger
9.
Stimulants :- Tea, ginseng, campor
 
(II) NDIAN CENTREA
 
This area has two subcentres.
1.
Main Centre(Himdustan) : Includes Assam and Burma, but not Northwest India, Panjab,
nor Northwest Frontier provinces.
In this area, 117 plants were considered to be endemic.
1.
Indo – Malayan Centre :- Includes Indo- China and the Malay Archipelago.
Fifty-five plant were listed, including.
 
1.
Ceora– Asian rice
2.
Pulses – Pigeon pea, jack bean, winged bean, Moth bean, rice bean.
3.
Roots & tubers – Yams, arrowroot, taro.
4.
Oil crops – cocnut
5.
Fruit & nuts – bread fruit, orange, banana
6.
Vegetables & spices – Cucumber, eggplant
7.
Fibre plants – Coconut, jute
 
(III) CENTRAL ASIATIC CENTRE
 
1.
Include, Northwest india ( Punjab, Northwest Frontier Provinces and
kashmir),  Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, and Western Tain –
shan.
2.
This centre lists 43 plants including many wheats.
3.
Grains & Legumes :- comman wheat, pea, chickpea, flax, Horse bea
4.
Fiber plants :- Hamp, cotton
5.
Vegetables :- Onion, Garlic, Spinach, carrot
6.
Fruit :- Pistacia, pear, Grape, Apple
 
(IV) NEAR EASTERN CENTRE
 
1.
Includes interior of Asia Minor, all of Tanscaucasia, Iran, and the highlands of
Turkmenistan.
2.
The region listed 83 spices including 9 spieces of wheat.
3.
Cereal :- Wheat barley, rye, oat
4.
Pulses :- Pea, Chickpea
5.
Root & tuber crops :- Carrot, Reddish
6.
Fruit & nuts :- Apple, Pear
7.
Oil crops :- Rape seed, Flax, Olive
8.
Vegetables & spices :- Onion, Saffron
9.
Stimulants :- Peppy, Belladonna
 
(V) MEDITERRANEAN CENTRE
 
1.
Includes the borders of the Mediterranean sea.
2.
This region lists 84 plants including olive and many cultivated vegetables and
forages.
3.
Cereal & legumes :- Durum wheat, Emmer, Spelt, Sand oats, Pea, Lupine
4.
Forage plants :- Egyptian clover, White clover, Crimson clover, Serrandella
5.
Oil & fibre plants :- Flax, Rape, Black mustard, Olive
6.
Vegetables :- Garden beet, Cabbage, Celery, Parsnip, Rhubarb
7.
Oil & spice plants :- Caraway, Anise , Thyme, Hop
 
(VI) ABYSSINIAN CENTRE
 
1.
Include Abyssinian, Eeitrea and part of Somali.
2.
This region lists 38 speices; rich in wheat and barley.
3.
Cereals :- African rice , Pearl millet, Sorghum
4.
Pulses :- Cowpea, Bambara, Groundnut, Hyacinth bean
5.
Roots & tuber crops :- yam
6.
Oil crops :- Oil palm, Castor bean
7.
Fruit & nuts :- Baobab, Watermelon , Melon
8.
Vegetables & Species :- Okra, Sesamum spp. , Solanum spp.
9.
Fibres :- Kenaf
10.
Stimulants :- Coffee
 
(VII) SOUTH MEXICAN AND CENTRAL
AMERICAN CENTRAL
 
1.
Includes southern section of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and
Costa Rica.
2.
Grains & Legumes :- Maize, Common bean, Lima bean, Jack bean
3.
Melon plants :- Malabar gourd, Winter pumpkin
4.
Fibre plants :- Upland cotton, Bourbon cotton
5.
Miscellaneous :- Sweetpotato, Arrowroot, pepper, Papaya, Cacao
 
(VIII). A) SOUTH AMERICAN CENTRE (
62 PLANTS LISTED)
 
Three subcenters are found.
Peruvian, Ecuadorean, Bolivian centre : comprised mainly of the high mountanious
areas, formerly the centre of the Megalithic or Pre- Inca civilization.
Endemic plants of the Puna and Sierra high elevation districts included :
1.
Grains & legumes :- Starchy maize, Lime bean
2.
Root tubers :- Ediblecanna
3.
Vegetables crops :- Pepino, Tomato, Ground cherry
4.
Fiber plants :- Egyptian cotton
5.
Fruit & Miscellaneous :- Passion flower, Guava , Heilborn, Tabacco
 
(VIII). B) CHILOE CENTRE ( ISLAND
NEAR THE COAST OF SOUTHERN CHILE)
 
Common Potato (2n = 48)
Wild strawberry
 
(VIII). C) BRAZILIAN – PARAGUAYAN
CENTRE
 
1.
Menioc, Peanut, Rubber tree,
Pineapple, Brazil nut, Cashew,
Purplegranadilla
 
 
WHAT IS A CEREAL?
 
Cereal are all members of the grass family.
Examples includes rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum.
They are grown for their seeds ( grains) which are high in carbohydrates and protein.
The water content of the grain is low compared to other vegetables.
 
 
     
    CEREAL CROP (WHEAT)
 
Botanical name :  
Triticum
aestivum( common bread syn.
, T. Durum
Common name 
: Wheat ,
Gehun (hindi)
Family
 : Poaceae (Graminae)
Chromosome no. : 
 2n = 28 ,
42
 
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF WHEAT
 
According to the archaeological and genetical studies,
modern wheat originated in the 
karacadag 
mountain region of
southeastern Turkey.
The origin 
of domesticated wheat is a classical example of
evolution through hyberidization and polyploidy(more
precisely amphiploidy, consisting of A,B, and D genome)
involving species of wheat and goat grasses.
 
Three groups of wheat –
diploid (2n=14) tetraploid
( 2n =28) and hexaploid
(2n=42) are still reported to
occure in Near East.
 
Evolution of domesticated wheat
 
BOTANICAL CHARACTERSTICS OF WHEAT
 
Wheat plant is an erect grass ranging in height from 0.6- 1.5
m.
Two types of roots – seminal ( seed) roots and adventious
roots ( also called nodal or crown roots) are present in
wheat.
The root system in mature plants can extend to 1-2m deep or
more depending upon the soil conditions.
The stem, also known as culm, is divided into nodes and
internodes which are distinctly visible.
The shoot system ia made up of a series of reporting units
called phytomers.
 
CULTIVATION OF WHEAT
 
1.
Climate : 
Wheat is a crop of mid
latitudes and requires a cool
climate with modrate rainfall.
An ideal temparature for its
vigorous grwoth is 10°C to
15°C during winter and 25°C to
26°C during the summer
Annual rainfall about 65-75 cm.
 
Soil
 : 
A well drained , fertile, deep alluvial loam or clay loam soil with a pH
of 6.0-7.5 is best suited for cultivation of wheat.
India has been divided into following six agro- climaic zones:
 
1.
Northern Hill Zone (parts of H.P, UK & J&K) :
2.
North West plain Zone (Punjab, Haryana, parts of U.P.)
3.
North East plain Zone (west Bengal, assam)
4.
Central Zone (M.P., parts of U.P., Gujrat)
5.
Peninsular Zone (Karnataka, Andhra, Telangana, Maharastra)
6.
Southern Hills zone (Tamilnadu)
 
 
Sowing
 :
 
1.
Wheat is mostly grown as a rabi season crop in india
2.
It is sown in the begning of winter and is harvested in the begning of summer
3.
It Sown in september ro October in karnataka, Maharastra,  Andhra pradesh,
Madhya pradesh and West Bengal; October in Himachal pradesh , Uttrakand
and jammu & kashmir.
4.
Seed are shallower in moist and heavy soils, while they are sown deep in
rough, dry and light  soils.
 
 
 
 
MANURING
 
1.
Wheat crop requires all the essential
mineral nutrients; nitogen (N),
phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) need
to ba supplemented through fertilizers.
2.
NPK@ 60 kg N, 30 kg P, and 30 kg K
hectare (ha) should be applied as basal
dressing before the last preparatory
3.
Top dressing with nitrogen (urea) @ 30
kg/ ha. Should be done after 21-32 days
after sowing .
 
HARVESTING
 
The harvesting is done in Jan.- Feb. Karnataka, Andhra pradesh, M.P., and
West Bengali; March – April in Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Rajasthan and in
April- May in Himachal pradesh ang J&K.
Crop matures 100-110 days in peninsular and central India,120- 140 days
in plains of north India and 160-200 days in high hills.
Harvesting is carried out manually with the help of sickle (drati) in most
part of India.
Harvested crop is threshed manually or with the help of mechanized
threshers
.
 
 
PRODUCTION OF WHEAT
 
 
China, India, Ryssia, United States, France,
Canada, GernPakistan, Australia and Ukraine
are major wheat producing countries in the
world
India  is the second largest producer of wheat
in the world (95.8 million tonnes)
 
 
High Yeilding Varieties
: 
A number of high yielding and
promising wheat varietiesof Agrictilture & Farmers Welfare, 2014-
15)nly the have been developed by Indian breeders and released for
cultivation under different culturalconditions and agroclimatic
xones.
Most of these cultivars were semi-dwart and lodging resistant.Same
of the previounly used cultivars were Kalyan Sona, Sonalika.
Sharbati Sonora, Moti, Hira,Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64.
 
UTILISATION OF WHEAT
 
Staple Food: 
Wheat is the staple food of millions of people worldwide.
It is a goodsource of calories, proteins, minerals and vitamins
wheat flour is deficientin essential amino acid lysine. Grains are milled to
prepare flour.
 Chapattis (lndian brcad) arePrepared from flour of medium hard bread wheat
varieties in many parts of India and serve as1aple food.
 A number of other ethnic tood prepatations such as andoori, naan, rumali.
puri,c afe also prepared in India. Medium hard bread wheat is most suitable lor
this purpose.
 
 
It serves as a readymadecereal article. Indian hard bread wheat is
suitable for making fermented products
Cake, Pastries and Cookies: The soft whear is used for making cake, and
pastries. Biscuits, cookies, muftins andother bakery products are also
prepared using wheat flour.
Wheat Products: Indian products such as rawa, saji, maida and semian
areprepared from hard wheat. These ethnic foods are prepared and
served on some occasions in India.
 
 
 
 
        
   ……..
THANK YOU……
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Explore the world of cultivated plants and cereal crops, diving into the branches of economic botany such as agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and more. Learn about crop classification, including based on growing season, use, and economic importance. Discover the pioneers of crop production like Dr. Norman Borlaug and Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, and the significance of Nikolai Vavilov in identifying the centers of origin in cultivated plants.


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  1. Cultivated plants and cereal crops

  2. BRACHES OF ECONOMIC BOTANY BRACHES OF ECONOMIC BOTANY 1. Economic botany is a branch of botany that deals with the commercial exploitation of plants by people, in simple words, it is the intraction of people with plants. Branches of economic botany : 1. Agriculture 2. Horticulture 3. Forestry 4. Plant breeding 5. Pharmcolnogy 6. Plant pathology

  3. CLASSIFICATION OF CROP PLANTS: Classification of crop plants 1. Classification based on growing season: Kharif, Rainy season or Moonsoon crops are grown in monsoon months from June to October, examples:- Maize, Rice, Cotton, Jower, Bajra etc. Rabi, winter or cold season crops are growns in winter season from October to March e.g. Whaet, Gram, sunflower etc. Summer or zaid crops are grown in summer month from March to June e.g. Watermelon, pumpkin, gourds etc.

  4. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON USE 1. Grains crop Rice, Wheat, Maize, Barley, Jowas etc. 2. Pulses or legumes crops green gram 3. Vegetables crops ladyfinger, beans, brinjal, tomato etc. 4. Sugar crops Sugarcane, Sugarbeet etc. 5. Roots crops potato, yam etc.

  5. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 1. Cash crop :- These crops are grown for earning money e.g. sugarcane, cotton etc. 2. Food crops :- These crops are grown food for humans and fodder for cattle e.g. Wheat, Rice, Maize, Jowas etc.

  6. CROP PRODUCTION 1. Dr. Morman Ernest Borlaug is the father of Green Revolution and winner of Nobel peace Prize in 1970. 2. Dr. Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan is the father of Green Revolution in India. 3. Crop production in india is shown with the help of chart

  7. 1. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was a prominent Russian and Soviet botanist and genetified best known for having idenrified the centres of origin in cultivated plants. 2. He Devoted his life to the study and improvement of wheat , corn, and other cereal crops that sustain the global population

  8. CENTER OF ORIGIN CENTER OF ORIGIN

  9. VAVILOV EIGHT CENTRE OF ORIGIN 1. Chinese center 2. Indian centre 3. Asiatic centre 4. Near eastern centre 5. Mediterranean centre 6. Assyinian centre 7. South Mexican and centre American centre 8. South American centre

  10. (I). CHINESE CENTRE 1. The largest independent centre which includes the mountainous regions of central and western china, and adjacent lowlands. 2. A total of 36 endmic plants are listed, among which are few knows to us as important crop. 3. Cereals :- Asian rice, proso and fextail millet, Italian millet 4. Pulses :- Soybean, adzukl bean 5. Root and tuber crops :- Turnip, yams 6. Oil crops :- rape seed 7. Fruit & nuts :- chinese hickory, chestnut, persimmom, litchi, apricot, peach 8. Vegetables & spices :- chinese cabbage, ginger 9. Stimulants :- Tea, ginseng, campor

  11. (II) NDIAN CENTREA This area has two subcentres. 1. Main Centre(Himdustan) : Includes Assam and Burma, but not Northwest India, Panjab, nor Northwest Frontier provinces. In this area, 117 plants were considered to be endemic. 1. Indo Malayan Centre :- Includes Indo- China and the Malay Archipelago. Fifty-five plant were listed, including.

  12. 1. Ceora Asian rice 2. Pulses Pigeon pea, jack bean, winged bean, Moth bean, rice bean. 3. Roots & tubers Yams, arrowroot, taro. 4. Oil crops cocnut 5. Fruit & nuts bread fruit, orange, banana 6. Vegetables & spices Cucumber, eggplant 7. Fibre plants Coconut, jute

  13. (III) CENTRAL ASIATIC CENTRE 1. Include, Northwest india ( Punjab, Northwest Frontier Provinces and kashmir), Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, and Western Tain shan. 2. This centre lists 43 plants including many wheats. 3. Grains & Legumes :- comman wheat, pea, chickpea, flax, Horse bea 4. Fiber plants :- Hamp, cotton 5. Vegetables :- Onion, Garlic, Spinach, carrot 6. Fruit :- Pistacia, pear, Grape, Apple

  14. (IV) NEAR EASTERN CENTRE 1. Includes interior of Asia Minor, all of Tanscaucasia, Iran, and the highlands of Turkmenistan. 2. The region listed 83 spices including 9 spieces of wheat. 3. Cereal :- Wheat barley, rye, oat 4. Pulses :- Pea, Chickpea 5. Root & tuber crops :- Carrot, Reddish 6. Fruit & nuts :- Apple, Pear 7. Oil crops :- Rape seed, Flax, Olive 8. Vegetables & spices :- Onion, Saffron 9. Stimulants :- Peppy, Belladonna

  15. (V) MEDITERRANEAN CENTRE 1. Includes the borders of the Mediterranean sea. 2. This region lists 84 plants including olive and many cultivated vegetables and forages. 3. Cereal & legumes :- Durum wheat, Emmer, Spelt, Sand oats, Pea, Lupine 4. Forage plants :- Egyptian clover, White clover, Crimson clover, Serrandella 5. Oil & fibre plants :- Flax, Rape, Black mustard, Olive 6. Vegetables :- Garden beet, Cabbage, Celery, Parsnip, Rhubarb 7. Oil & spice plants :- Caraway, Anise , Thyme, Hop

  16. (VI) ABYSSINIAN CENTRE 1. Include Abyssinian, Eeitrea and part of Somali. 2. This region lists 38 speices; rich in wheat and barley. 3. Cereals :- African rice , Pearl millet, Sorghum 4. Pulses :- Cowpea, Bambara, Groundnut, Hyacinth bean 5. Roots & tuber crops :- yam 6. Oil crops :- Oil palm, Castor bean 7. Fruit & nuts :- Baobab, Watermelon , Melon 8. Vegetables & Species :- Okra, Sesamum spp. , Solanum spp. 9. Fibres :- Kenaf 10. Stimulants :- Coffee

  17. (VII) SOUTH MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN CENTRAL 1. Includes southern section of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and Costa Rica. 2. Grains & Legumes :- Maize, Common bean, Lima bean, Jack bean 3. Melon plants :- Malabar gourd, Winter pumpkin 4. Fibre plants :- Upland cotton, Bourbon cotton 5. Miscellaneous :- Sweetpotato, Arrowroot, pepper, Papaya, Cacao

  18. (VIII). A) SOUTH AMERICAN CENTRE ( 62 PLANTS LISTED) Three subcenters are found. Peruvian, Ecuadorean, Bolivian centre : comprised mainly of the high mountanious areas, formerly the centre of the Megalithic or Pre- Inca civilization. Endemic plants of the Puna and Sierra high elevation districts included : 1. Grains & legumes :- Starchy maize, Lime bean 2. Root tubers :- Ediblecanna 3. Vegetables crops :- Pepino, Tomato, Ground cherry 4. Fiber plants :- Egyptian cotton 5. Fruit & Miscellaneous :- Passion flower, Guava , Heilborn, Tabacco

  19. (VIII). B) CHILOE CENTRE ( ISLAND NEAR THE COAST OF SOUTHERN CHILE) Common Potato (2n = 48) Wild strawberry

  20. (VIII). C) BRAZILIAN PARAGUAYAN CENTRE 1.Menioc, Peanut, Rubber tree, Pineapple, Brazil nut, Cashew, Purplegranadilla

  21. WHAT IS A CEREAL? Cereal are all members of the grass family. Examples includes rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum. They are grown for their seeds ( grains) which are high in carbohydrates and protein. The water content of the grain is low compared to other vegetables.

  22. CEREAL CROP (WHEAT) Botanical name : Triticum aestivum( common bread syn. , T. Durum Common name : Wheat , Gehun (hindi) Family : Poaceae (Graminae) Chromosome no. : 2n = 28 , 42

  23. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF WHEAT According to the archaeological and genetical studies, modern wheat originated in the karacadag mountain region of southeastern Turkey. The origin of domesticated wheat is a classical example of evolution through hyberidization and polyploidy(more precisely amphiploidy, consisting of A,B, and D genome) involving species of wheat and goat grasses.

  24. Three groups of wheat diploid (2n=14) tetraploid ( 2n =28) and hexaploid (2n=42) are still reported to occure in Near East.

  25. Evolution of domesticated wheat Evolution of domesticated wheat

  26. BOTANICAL CHARACTERSTICS OF WHEAT Wheat plant is an erect grass ranging in height from 0.6- 1.5 m. Two types of roots seminal ( seed) roots and adventious roots ( also called nodal or crown roots) are present in wheat. The root system in mature plants can extend to 1-2m deep or more depending upon the soil conditions. The stem, also known as culm, is divided into nodes and internodes which are distinctly visible. The shoot system ia made up of a series of reporting units called phytomers.

  27. CULTIVATION OF WHEAT 1. Climate : Wheat is a crop of mid latitudes and requires a cool climate with modrate rainfall. An ideal temparature for its vigorous grwoth is 10 C to 15 C during winter and 25 C to 26 C during the summer Annual rainfall about 65-75 cm.

  28. Soil : A well drained , fertile, deep alluvial loam or clay loam soil with a pH of 6.0-7.5 is best suited for cultivation of wheat. India has been divided into following six agro- climaic zones: 1. Northern Hill Zone (parts of H.P, UK & J&K) : 2. North West plain Zone (Punjab, Haryana, parts of U.P.) 3. North East plain Zone (west Bengal, assam) 4. Central Zone (M.P., parts of U.P., Gujrat) 5. Peninsular Zone (Karnataka, Andhra, Telangana, Maharastra) 6. Southern Hills zone (Tamilnadu)

  29. Sowing : 1. Wheat is mostly grown as a rabi season crop in india 2. It is sown in the begning of winter and is harvested in the begning of summer 3. It Sown in september ro October in karnataka, Maharastra, Andhra pradesh, Madhya pradesh and West Bengal; October in Himachal pradesh , Uttrakand and jammu & kashmir. 4. Seed are shallower in moist and heavy soils, while they are sown deep in rough, dry and light soils.

  30. MANURING 1. Wheat crop requires all the essential mineral nutrients; nitogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) need to ba supplemented through fertilizers. 2. NPK@ 60 kg N, 30 kg P, and 30 kg K hectare (ha) should be applied as basal dressing before the last preparatory 3. Top dressing with nitrogen (urea) @ 30 kg/ ha. Should be done after 21-32 days after sowing .

  31. HARVESTING The harvesting is done in Jan.- Feb. Karnataka, Andhra pradesh, M.P., and West Bengali; March April in Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Rajasthan and in April- May in Himachal pradesh ang J&K. Crop matures 100-110 days in peninsular and central India,120- 140 days in plains of north India and 160-200 days in high hills. Harvesting is carried out manually with the help of sickle (drati) in most part of India. Harvested crop is threshed manually or with the help of mechanized threshers.

  32. PRODUCTION OF WHEAT China, India, Ryssia, United States, France, Canada, GernPakistan, Australia and Ukraine are major wheat producing countries in the world India is the second largest producer of wheat in the world (95.8 million tonnes)

  33. High Yeilding Varieties: A number of high yielding and promising wheat varietiesof Agrictilture & Farmers Welfare, 2014- 15)nly the have been developed by Indian breeders and released for cultivation under different culturalconditions and agroclimatic xones. Most of these cultivars were semi-dwart and lodging resistant.Same of the previounly used cultivars were Kalyan Sona, Sonalika. Sharbati Sonora, Moti, Hira,Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64.

  34. UTILISATION OF WHEAT Staple Food: Wheat is the staple food of millions of people worldwide. It is a goodsource of calories, proteins, minerals and vitamins wheat flour is deficientin essential amino acid lysine. Grains are milled to prepare flour. Chapattis (lndian brcad) arePrepared from flour of medium hard bread wheat varieties in many parts of India and serve as1aple food. A number of other ethnic tood prepatations such as andoori, naan, rumali. puri,c afe also prepared in India. Medium hard bread wheat is most suitable lor this purpose.

  35. It serves as a readymadecereal article. Indian hard bread wheat is suitable for making fermented products Cake, Pastries and Cookies: The soft whear is used for making cake, and pastries. Biscuits, cookies, muftins andother bakery products are also prepared using wheat flour. Wheat Products: Indian products such as rawa, saji, maida and semian areprepared from hard wheat. These ethnic foods are prepared and served on some occasions in India.

  36. ..THANK YOU THANK YOU ..

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