Decades of Marine RNA Virosphere Research

Research spanning over two decades has delved deep into the marine RNA virosphere, shedding light on the complex marine ecosystem and the characteristics of RNA viruses. Discoveries in deep marine virus taxonomy have led to significant taxonomic changes and advancements in virus classification and genome studies. The future holds challenges in accurately predicting hosts of RNA viruses, classifying divergent viruses, uncovering complete viral genomes, and exploring the ecological roles of RNA viruses.

• Marine research
• RNA virosphere
• Taxonomy updates
• Virus discovery
• Ecological roles

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1. Over two decades of research on the marine RNA virosphere Meng en Liao, Yunyi Xie, Mang Shi, Jie Cui* Pathogen Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences Meng-en Liao, Yunyi Xie, Mang Shi, Jie Cui. 2022. Over two decades of research on the marine RNA virosphere. iMeta 2: e59. http://doi.org/10.1002/imt2.59

2. Introduction Complex marine ecosystem and poorly understood marine microbe

3. Introduction Various perspectives about marine RNA viruses

4. Characteristics of RNA viruses Key features Baltimore classification Genome structure Genome segmentation Packaging of components of replication/transcription machineries Genome size Host Bacteria Protists Viridiplantae Fungi Animalia BC III: dsRNA Virus Linear 4-30 Mostly segmented All packaged Bacteria Protists Viridiplantae Fungi Animalia BC IV: (+)RNA Virus Mostly nonsegmented Linear 3.5-40 None BC V (-)RNA Virus Viridiplantae Fungi Animalia Roughly half segmented Most linear 1.7-20 Nearly all packaged

5. Deep marine virus discovery contributes to the megataxonomy of RNA Viruses Taxonomic changes approved in recent years Rank MSL #31(2016) MSL #34(2018) MSL #35(2019) MSL #36(2020) MSL #37(2021 Realm - 1 4 6 6 Kingdom - 0 9 10 10 Phylum - 1 16 17 17 Class - 6 36 39 39 Order 9 14 55 59 64 Family 122 150 168 189 233 Genus 735 1019 1421 2224 2606 Species 4404 5560 6590 9110 10434 The 15 ranks were introduced Riboviria were defined Major Changes 5 phyla in Orthonavirae were added Different virus ranks were expanded in last two years

6. Deep marine virus discovery contributes to the megataxonomy of RNA Viruses History and updates of the megataxonomy of RNA viruses

7. Metaomics of virus discovery and annotation Summary of a marine viral meta omic pipeline.

8. Future challenges and perspectives Accurate prediction of host of metadata-identified RNA viruses Classification of divergent viruses Complete viral genomes Underexplored ecological roles of RNA viruses

9. Summary Advances in meta omics provide a surge of marine RNA virus information. Deep marine virus discovery contributes greatly to the megataxonomy of RNA viruses. Understanding diversity and biogeography helps reveal the significance of marine RNA viruses.

10. iMeta: iMeta 10%(IF > 15) 3 50 2022 : http://www.imeta.science : https://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/imeta office@imeta.science iMeta : https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/imeta