Study on Birth Detection and Den Site Location in Brown Hyaenas

This research project in Namibia focuses on using GPS telemetry data to detect birth, determine den site locations, and monitor population data for Brown Hyaenas. The study aims to monitor estrus, courtship/mating duration, parturition date, and den occupancy. Images depicting denning behaviors, objectives, methods using GPS telemetry, and birth detection timelines are included in the study.

• Brown Hyaenas
• GPS telemetry
• Denning behavior
• Namibia
• Wildlife research

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1. Detection of birth and location of den sites in brown Detection of birth and location of den sites in brown hyaenas ( hyaenas (Parahyaena Parahyaena brunnea brunnea) based on GPS telemetry data ) based on GPS telemetry data Inga J necke Brown Hyena Research Project, L deritz, Namibia

2. Brown Brown Hyaena Hyaena

3. Denning Denning Communal Den 7 natal and 7 communal dens per clan Distance between dens when moving: 150 m and 15 km Natal den

4. Objectives Objectives Detect estrus and duration of courtship/mating Determine parturition date Determine den site locations and occupancy at dens based on GPS telemetry data for population monitoring

5. Methods: GPS telemetry Methods: GPS telemetry

6. Detection of Birth Detection of Birth Date Time 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 Latitude -26.86081 -26.85086 -26.85991 -26.86899 -26.86534 -26.86531 -26.86529 -26.85477 -26.85658 -26.85579 -26.85576 -26.85581 -26.85579 -26.85575 -26.85575 -26.85583 -26.85578 -26.85567 -26.8556 -26.85253 -26.85682 -26.86507 -26.86668 -26.85245 -26.85214 -26.86502 Time Out -26.86499 -26.86407 -26.86501 -26.85923 -26.86639 -26.8738 -26.8714 -26.87381 Longitude 15.15673 15.152365 15.156963 15.159345 15.156643 15.15664 15.156582 15.159742 15.178885 15.192945 15.192982 15.192947 15.19292 15.192985 15.192948 15.192917 15.192913 15.192857 15.192822 15.182965 15.15635 15.155943 15.151373 15.150537 15.15599 15.15596 X 11 17 16 14 0 0 0 10 29 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 13 10 0 5 21 18 0 0 0 0 19 12 4 3 8 0 Y 0 4 3 5 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 10 3 5 3 0 0 Date Time 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 Latitude Time Out Time Out -26.87022 -26.87026 -26.86995 Time Out Time Out Time Out -26.8701 -26.87006 -26.87008 Time Out -26.86999 Time Out -26.8701 -26.87012 -26.86981 Time Out Time Out -26.87288 -26.91929 -26.9064 -26.89284 -26.87077 -26.87011 -26.87008 -26.87007 Time Out -26.87008 Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Longitude X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 24 7 15 12 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 28 6 4 13 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2012 07 05 2012 07 05 2012 07 05 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 06 2012 07 07 2012 07 07 2012 07 07 2012 07 07 2012 07 07 2012 07 07 2012 07 07 2012 07 07 2012 07 14 2012 07 14 2012 07 14 2012 07 14 2012 07 14 2012 07 14 2012 07 14 2012 07 14 2012 07 14 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 15 2012 07 16 2012 07 16 15.198062 15.197537 15.198355 Date Time 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 Latitude Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out -26.87013 Time Out -26.86996 Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out -26.87011 Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Time Out Longitude X 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Y 0 0 0 7 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2012 07 08 2012 07 08 2012 07 08 2012 07 08 2012 07 08 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 09 2012 07 10 2012 07 10 2012 07 10 2012 07 10 2012 07 10 2012 07 10 15.197818 15.197813 15.197847 15.197995 15.197802 15.19798 15.19789 15.200807 15.19797 15.20005 15.191632 15.166093 15.16208 15.196773 15.19783 15.197857 15.19778 15.1977 15.155888 15.154802 15.153502 15.164472 15.182325 15.197832 15.198155 15.197845 15.197808

7. Birth Date Birth Date Parturition Date (N = 13) Parturition Date (N = 13) 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 Days Days Daily distance (km) No daily fixes SE No daily fixes SE 25 p < 0.0001 Daily distance (km) 20 15 10 5 0 before after

8. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 32 63 94 125 156 187 218 249 280 311 342 373 404 435 466 497 528 559 590 621 652 683 714 745 776 807 838 869 900 931 962 993 1024 1055 1086 1117 1148 1179 1210 1241 1272 1303 1334 1365 1396 1427 1458 1489 1520 1551 1582 1613 1644 1675 1706 1737 1768 1799 1830 1861 Days since collaring Daily distance (km) No missing fixes 9 months 2.5 months 1 month

9. Finding Dens Finding Dens

10. Finding Dens Finding Dens

11. Occupancy at Dens Occupancy at Dens Day since parturition 3-16 17-58 59-69 69-76 77-80 81-116 117-141 142-143 144-208 Den SP 3 Den Jungle Den SP 3 Den Jungle Den SP 3 Den Jungle Den

12. Occupancy at Dens Occupancy at Dens No GPS positions at den 4 3 2 1 0 -21 -13 -5 3 11 19 27 35 43 51 59 67 75 83 91 99 107 115 123 131 139 147 155 163 171 179 187 195 203 211 219 Days since parturition Jungle Den SP3 Den D-SPG 27 Panorama Day since parturition 3-16 17-58 59-69 69-76 77-80 81-116 117-141 142-143 144-208 Den Duration 13 41 10 7 3 35 24 1 64 SP 3 Den Jungle Den SP 3 Den D-SPG27 Panorama Jungle Den SP 3 Den Panorama Jungle Den

13. No camera trap exposures Camera traps Camera traps 60 40 20 0 -21 -14 -7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 203 210 217 -20 Days since parturition Jungle Den SP3 Den D-SPG 27 Panorama Days since parturition No GPS positions at den Camera trap 3-16 17-57 58-67 68-75 76-78 79-116 117-141 4 GPS 3-16 17-58 59-69 69-76 77-80 81-116 117-141 142-143 144-208 Den 3 SP 3 Den Jungle Den SP 3 Den D-SPG27 Panorama Jungle Den SP 3 Den Panorama Jungle Den 2 1 0 -21 -14 -7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 203 210 217 Days since parturition Jungle Den SP3 Den D-SPG 27 Panorama 143-220 No time out incidences 4 3 2 1 0 -21 -14 -7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 203 210 217 Days since parturition

14. Summary & Conclusions Summary & Conclusions GPS telemetry data provides information about brown hyaena Parturition date Location of den sites Den occupancy Natal dens Communal dens Inter litter interval: 11 3.8 (SD) months Range: 5.5 16.3 months Litter size: 1.5 0.5 (SD) cubs Range: 1 2 cubs Age at first reproduction GPS telemetry is a good tool to monitor brown hyaena reproduction GPS telemetry provides sound baseline data for future non-invasive and more cost-effective monitoring (e.g. camera traps)

15. Acknowledgements Namdeb Diamond Corporation, Namibia Nedbank Go Green Fund, Namibia Predator Conservation Trust, UK Namibian Environment and Wildlife Society, Namibia

16. Helge Denker Thank you!