Essential Climbing Knots and Techniques for Beginners

 
CLIMBING AT OSTRANDER
 
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If you are a beginner climber and can only remember one knot, let it be
this one. I'd be very surprised if any climber did not know this knot.
Among other uses, it's very popular as a "tie in" for attaching the
climbing rope to your harness. With that in mind, follow these steps to
"tie in" with the Figure Eight knot:
 
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It is recommended that you check your partner's tie in knot, and get them to check
yours before climbing.
 
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This knot is formed from a "bight" of rope. It's very handy
to just grab a bight of the rope anywhere along it and tie it
off in this manner. Useful for belay set ups, or rescue
work, or to backup ascending a rope, and all sorts of
applications. Again, I'd be very surprised if any climber did
not already know this knot. Never-the-less, follow these
steps to tie a figure eight on a bight:
 
Steps 1,2 & 3
: Grab a bite of rope and form the classic
figure eight. 
Step 4
: Pull tight and clip in. Fast, simple and
secure
 
GENERAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION FOR RU-ABLE
(Equipment and Skills)
1.
Knot parts: Stand end, running end, bight, loop
(Ropes typically fail (break) where standing end enters)
Therefore: We dress our knots so they are neat and snug.
Messy knots compromise strength.
1.
Knots:
a. Figure 8 follow-through and figure 8 on a bight - a classic
know used to tie directly into a climbing harness, first
acceptable way to connect a participant to a dynamic belay.
b. Double Figure 8 – used to clip into a harness on the ABLE
challenge course, second acceptable way
c. Butterfly Knot – used for team belays
d. Double Bowline – used as third acceptable way to connect
participant to a belay, must be backed up
1.
Two types of climbing ropes:
a.
Low Stretch Rope: (Static) – 5% or less stretch – fibers
parallel  - static rope used for flying squirrel and rappel
b.
High Stretch Rope: (Dynamic) – 7 – 10% stretch – fibers
twisted – climbing ropes used to belay on high elements
c.
Kernmantle vs. twisted rope (nitro crossing ropes are twisted
and climbing ropes are kernmantle)
1.
Rope care ( and care for synthetic material in general):
a.
Keep out of sun
b.
Store in cool, dry, dark place
c.
Retire at appropriate time (dependent on age, use, number of
falls)
d.
Keep away from chemicals (gas, bug spray, sun tan lotion,
etc.)
e.
Try not to step on
f.
Coil appropriately
g.
Wash with mild detergent when needed
h.
Avoid sharp edges
1.
Breaking strengths: (1 kN = 255 lbs. of force)
11 mm (7/16) rope = 30 kN or 7,000 lbs. of force (this is the
size of our climbing ropes)
1.
UIAA – Union International Association of Alpinism – sets
standards for equipment by conduction tests.  You want to
use gear that is UIAA approved such as harnesses, helmets,
ropes, carabiners, etc.
9.
Types of carabiners
a.
Can be made of aluminum or steel. (steel carabiners are best
to use directly on cables – aluminum wears excessively on
cables.
b.
Different shapes such as: Oval, Locking D, Off set locking
D, Pear shaped, etc.
9.
Belay – Belaying is the safety system used to protect a
climber
a.
Hip Belay
b.
Just Right Descender Belay
c.
Using belay device: Left and right hand belay
d.
Back up belay
9.
Climbing Commands: (two systems acceptable)
a.
On belay
   
a. Ready
b.
Climbing
   
b. Ready
c.
Climb
    
c. Climbing
d.
Up Rope
    
d. Climb
e.
Tension
    
e. Ready to be
lowered
f.
Slack
    
f. Lowering
g.
Ready to be lowered
h.
Lowering
i.
Off belay
j.
On Rappel
k.
Off Rappel
9.
Climbing Harness:
 
a.
Make sure to read instructions
b.
Follow care tips for synthetic materials
c.
Use 2-finger test to test proper fit
d.
Be sure to double back through buckle for most harnesses
e.
Tie in properly
f.
Always double harness before leaving the ground
g.
(Be able to facilitate group in harness fitting process)
h.
(Be able to facilitate use of chest harness)
9.
Climbing Classification System:
a.
Class 1 – flat level walking
b.
Class 2 – little hills some grade, ie. Rough trail
c.
Class 3 – steeper grades, rough terrain
d.
Class 4 – Usually need rope at this level – steep, exposed,
fall could be fatal
e.
Class 5 – 5.0 – 5.14 ( at 5.10 – a, b, c, d) – need climbing
equipment!!!!
Our climbing tower and climbing walls in gym average
between 5.4 and 5.6
Lead Edge Climbing -  When facilitator climbs on lobster
claws or other static belay systems where a fall can be more
dangerous as opposed to dynamic belays.
9.
Climbing Techniques: (Use these tips when helping a
participant climb!!!!)
a.
Maintain 3 points of contact
b.
Use largest muscles of body to your advantage (climb with
legs)
c.
Breathe!! Plan each move – pick individual route
d.
Keep weight over feet (try not to hug wall)
9.
Static belay
a.
Use of lobster claws  on the ABLE course (function of
zorber – to minimize shock of fall so not to exceed 900 lbs.)
b.
Inspection of lobster claws
9.
Course inspection and hardware
a.
Know – hardware (names and function)
b.
Know – basic inspection principles for hardware
c.
Staples
d.
Rapid Links
e.
Telephone Poles
f.
Lumber
g.
Cable (3/8 inch, Galvanized 7x19 flexible aircraft cable)
h.
Serving sleeve (protects end of cable or cable may be
capped)
i.
Thimble
j.
 Rope Clips or Cable clamps
k.
Ferrule (Oval Sleeve) another type of cable clamp
l.
Bolts (straight and angled) Thimble vs. eye bolt vs. threaded
eye nut
m.
Fish plates, nuts and lock washers
n.
Strand vice
o.
Guy cable vs. foot cable vs. belay cable
p.
Pulleys
q.
Sheer Reduction Device
9.
Technical Information:
a.
Cables and belay points must have breaking strength of
12,500 pounds – and a safe working load of 2,300 pounds.
Safe working load is 1/5 of breaking strength
b.
Sag Span Ratio:  Dynamic belay cables can experience
significant amounts of force.  The cable should sag and not
be strung tight.  The cable should sag  %10 of its length.  A
30 ft. cable should sag 3 feet.
c.
Telephone poles used on the challenge course are Class 1
poles. Class 1 poles are the highest quality poles. Class 2
and 3 poles can typically be used for low element
construction where belaying does not occur.
 
-The term "
belay
" also means the place where the
belayer is anchored
 
-Belaying
 refers to a variety of techniques
climbers
 use to exert 
friction
 on a 
climbing rope
so that a falling climber does not fall very far.
 
-Belay
To 
protect
 a roped climber from falling by
passing the rope through, or around, any type of
friction enhancing belay device
 
Belay device
A mechanical device used to create friction when
belaying by putting bends in the rope.
 
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The strongest point on the harness.
 
Belay on
Called by belayer to confirm belay has been
(re)applied to climbing rope. Response to 
On belay
request.
 
Bosun's chair
To reduce pains from heavy-duty climbing using a
harness; such as long-time belaying or bolting a new
route, climbers attach their harness with a special type
of chair, which is usually light and has multiple high
endurance straps and buckles. Similar types are also
used in industrial climbing.
 
Bouldering
The practice of climbing on large boulders
.
 
Carabiner
Metal rings with spring-loaded gates, used as
connectors. Usually oval or roughly D shaped. Also
known as 
crab
 or 
biner
 
Chalk
A 
compound
 used to improve grip by absorbing
sweat
 
Dynamic rope
A slightly elastic 
rope
 that softens falls to some extent.
Also tend to be damaged less severely by heavy loads
 
Fall
To unintentionally descend under the influence of
gravity. Hopefully stopped by a rope
 
Figure eight
A 
belay device
 or descender shaped like an "8".
 
Figure-eight knot
A knot commonly used to secure the climber's
harness to the climbing rope.
 
Helmet
Also known as a 
brain bucket
 or 
skid lid
. It can save
your life, but only while worn.
 
Hold
A place to temporarily cling, grip, jam, press, or stand
in the process of climbing.
 
Belayer
 - n. a person who is belaying a climber.
 
Figure 8
 - n. a common rappel / belay device shaped
like the number "8".
 
Figure 8 knot
 - n. Also known as the "double figure 8"
or "figure 8 follow through". The most common knot
used to attach the climber's harness to the rope.
 
Harness
 - n. Device the climber wears that
attaches the climber to the rope so that in the
event of a fall, the climber is held by the rope.
(See belay.) Modern harnesses include leg loops
and a waist band secured by a buckle system.
They are designed to withstand far more impact
force than they should ever be subjected to in
use.
 
Knots
Climbers rely on many different knots for anchoring oneself to a
mountain, joining two ropes together, slings for climbing up the
rope, etc
.
 
Locking carabiner
A 
carabiner
 with a locking gate, to prevent accidental release of the
rope.
 
Off belay
Called by a climber when requesting that the belayer remove belay
equipment from the climbing rope (for example, when cleaning top
protection from a lead route). Replied to with 
Belay off
.
 
On belay
What a climber calls when he is ready to be belayed.
Replied to with 
Belay on
.
 
Static rope
A non-elastic 
rope
. Compare with 
dynamic rope
.
 
Tension
A technique for maintaining balance using a taut rope
through a point of protection.
 
Traverse
 
1.
To climb in a horizontal direction.
 
2.
A section of a route that requires progress in a horizontal direction.
 
3.
A Tyrolean traverse is crossing a chasm using a rope anchored at both
ends.
 
4.
A 
pendulum traverse
 involves swinging across a wall or chasm while
suspended from a rope affixed above the climber.
 
 Rock Climbing is over 120 years old!
 
The sport of rock climbing grew in popularity in England during the
late 1880s after adventure junky William Perry Haskitt Smith made
the first successful climb of the Naples Needle. People interested in
sport began flocking to the region to attempt the daring feat. Smith’s
ascent influenced O.G. Jones in 1897 to climb Kern Knotts Crack of
Great Gable Mountain.
 
During World War II, military officers were trained in rock climbing to
learn how to infiltrate enemy territories. It was also during this time
that scientist invented carabiners and nylon rope to better support
climbers on their mountaineering adventures.
 
Rock climbing has its origins in mountaineering,
and was and still is, a necessary skill for reaching
some of the notable summits around the world.
 
Outdoor rock climbing is usually done when the
weather is dry, as it is much more dangerous and
difficult to rock climb when it is wet
 
Rock climbing is the act of scaling rock formations using
natural hand and footholds.
 
  This individual sport grew out of mountaineering in the
1800s.
 
During the 1950s, climbing accessories were greatly
improved, and the sport's focus changed to scaling a specific
rock wall rather than an entire mountain.
 
  Rock climbing evolved into an organized
sport in the 1970s, and during the 1980s
indoor and outdoor climbing walls became a
popular way of practicing the sport in a
controlled environment.
 
Rock climbers are often employed to fix or
maintain wind turbines, as it is usually cheaper
and more efficient than using machinery to reach
the turbine
 
Rock climbers often coat their hands in chalk
(magnesium carbonate), to absorb the moisture on
their hands, which is said to improve their grip on
the rock
 
Rock climbing is when one climbs, up, over, or down large
rock faces that can be real or fake, including especially
designed indoor rock walls, to challenge one’s mind and body
 
Rock climbing 
competitions
 usually involve trying to find the
quickest way to scale a rock wall.
 
Rock climbing 
began as a recognized sport in the 1880s in
England
 
Racing to the top of a mountain or rock climbing wall is known as
speed climbing. There are competitions around the world for this
sport alone. Some of the more famous speed climbers include Dan
Osman (Lover’s Leap) and Peter Darmi (The Gunks).
 
Mr. Everest, the tallest peak on earth, has been scaled time and time
again. High winds, snow and treacherous cliffs makes Mt. Everest one
of the most difficult mountains to rock climb. The current world
record holder for fastest climb is Pemba Dorje Sherpa with a time of 8
hours and 10 minutes!
 
The true revolutionary moment was in 1980, 
when the Spanish
company Boreal specifically focused on “sticky” rubber for its Fire
model
 (Spanish, so they’re pronounced “fee-ray”). The Gallego
brothers, who owned Boreal, even took their shoes to Yosemite and
put up a new route on El Cap with them. In 1982, John Bachar–
already at the top of his game– adopted the Fires and began selling
them in the United States. Climbing standards exploded.
 
Since then, rubber has only gotten stickier. Five Ten’s Stealth Rubber
has even been used in racing tires, and some of its latest incarnations
are even rumored to be able to stick (barely) to tilted panes of glass.
Ironically enough, many climbers consider Boreal to have some of
the least sticky rubber on the market now
 
Many rock climbers 
wear
 special, tight, rubber soled, flexible
shoes to easily grip and feel the rock beneath the climber’s
feet.
 
Rock climbing usually requires 
special equipment
, which can
include gloves, a helmet, climbing ropes, harnesses, carabiners
and belay devices.
 
Rock climbing can be very dangerous, however, with the right
equipment and conditions, most injuries are generally minor
and are related to the fingers, shoulders and elbows.
 
From the 18th century to the 1930s, climbers used
braided hemp or even silk ropes. They were weak, cut
easily, and definitely not very dynamic. After the
synthetic chemical revolution of the WWII era, nylon
and perlon rapidly took the place of hemp (the fact
that hemp production was restricted by the
Criminalization of Cannabis
 may have also been a
factor). However, most ropes of the 1950s-60s were
still braided. The most common type of rope at this
time was “goldline." It was cheap and VERY dynamic,
but stiff, unwieldy, and twisted and kinked easily.
 
The major revolution with the kernmantle design– the term is
German for “core-sheath.” Pioneered in 
1954 by Edelrid
, and
made dynamic by the mid-60s, kernmantle ropes featured
tightly woven, individual twists of soft nylon in their core,
surrounded by a slightly tougher sheath on the outside for
protection. Capable of withstanding multiple big falls, the
kernmantle rope was integral to the free climbing revolution
of the 1970s. Today, the design stays the same, although
ropes just keep getting thinner and thinner while maintaining
their strength.
 
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Most of us have heard the mantra “The leader must not
fall” from the old days of climbing. While a lot of that
attitude had to do with poor, spaced protection, a lack of
specific belay devices, and even the fact that older,
easier climbs were often low-angle, the biggest danger of
falling in pre-WWII climbing was that ropes were not that
strong. Then, as today, the rope is one of the only parts
of our protection system that we cannot backup. If it
breaks, game over, man!
 
Rock climbing
 
is a 
sport
 where someone uses his 
hands
 and 
feet
 to
climb up a 
rock
 or an 
artificial
 climbing 
wall
. Rock climbing is a very
difficult sport because you need to have a lot of 
strength
. Rock
climbers must know how to use 
ropes
, 
carabiners
 and 
harnesses
 for
their own 
safety
 
Different ways of rock climbing
 
Free climbing
 is where the climber's own physical strength and skill
are relied on to do the climb.
[1]
 Anchors, ropes and protection are
used to back up the climber, but are only there in case of a fall and
are not actively used to help the person do the climb.
 
Bouldering
 is climbing on 
short
, 
low
 
routes
. Because people
do not climb very high, they do not need to use safety
equipment
. Sometimes there are used special pads to
cushion a drop.
 
Solo climbing
 is when a climber climbs alone, without somebody
belaying
 them. There are several ways to climb solo. The first is roped
solo climbing, which is climbing by yourself with a rope backup in
case of fall. Free soloing is climbing alone without the use of any
rope or protection system whatsoever.
 
Top roping
 is when the rope is already 
anchored
 at the top of the
route
. Safety equipment is needed here but many people say this
kind is the safest. The person at the bottom must only keep the rope
tight by using a knot or a securing 
device
, like a 
Grigri
 
Lead climbing
 is used when the rope is not on top yet. The person
must tie the rope to their 
harness
 and then climb up the wall. On the
way the climber puts the rope through a 
carabiner
 every few 
metres
.
Here the person at the bottom must also use a knot or a securing
device.
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Learn the key climbing knots like the Figure Eight Follow Through and the Figure Eight On A Bight, essential for beginner climbers. Follow step-by-step instructions, safety tips, and technical information to enhance your climbing skills and knowledge.


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  1. CLIMBING AT OSTRANDER

  2. Figure Eight Follow Through If you are a beginner climber and can only remember one knot, let it be this one. I'd be very surprised if any climber did not know this knot. Among other uses, it's very popular as a "tie in" for attaching the climbing rope to your harness. With that in mind, follow these steps to "tie in" with the Figure Eight knot: Step 1 (Click To Enlarge) Step 2 (Click To Enlarge) Step 3 (Click To Enlarge)

  3. Step 1: Form a single figure eight in the end of the rope and feed the tail through your harness. Some harnesses require that you feed the rope through certain straps. When tying in, I like to feed rope through the same harness straps that the belay loop occupies (not pictured), others prefer to use the belay loop (as pictured). Still others prefer to tie into a steel locking carabiner, or two aluminium locking carabiners, gates reversed, which have been clipped into the appropriate harness straps. There are pros & cons. Consult your harness manual for the recommended tie in point. Steps 2 & 3: Rethread the figure eight, following the same path as the first. Pull the knot tight (though some climbers prefer to leave it a little loose to absorb force from a fall). Make sure you have enough tail, as the knot will slip a bit when loaded. Check the knot by counting "two", "two" & "two", for the three visible doubled strands. Ensure they each are lying flat and not crossing over themselves. Step 4: An optional step. If you find yourself with too much tail, or are paranoid about the figure eight slipping, tie a stopper knot with the remaining tail. It is recommended that you check your partner's tie in knot, and get them to check yours before climbing.

  4. Steps 1,2 & 3: Grab a bite of rope and form the classic figure eight. Step 4: Pull tight and clip in. Fast, simple and secure Figure Eight On A Bight This knot is formed from a "bight" of rope. It's very handy to just grab a bight of the rope anywhere along it and tie it off in this manner. Useful for belay set ups, or rescue work, or to backup ascending a rope, and all sorts of applications. Again, I'd be very surprised if any climber did not already know this knot. Never-the-less, follow these steps to tie a figure eight on a bight:

  5. GENERAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION FOR RU-ABLE (Equipment and Skills) 1. Knot parts: Stand end, running end, bight, loop (Ropes typically fail (break) where standing end enters) Therefore: We dress our knots so they are neat and snug. Messy knots compromise strength. 1. Knots: a. Figure 8 follow-through and figure 8 on a bight - a classic know used to tie directly into a climbing harness, first acceptable way to connect a participant to a dynamic belay. b. Double Figure 8 used to clip into a harness on the ABLE challenge course, second acceptable way c. Butterfly Knot used for team belays d. Double Bowline used as third acceptable way to connect participant to a belay, must be backed up 1. Two types of climbing ropes: a. Low Stretch Rope: (Static) 5% or less stretch fibers parallel - static rope used for flying squirrel and rappel b. High Stretch Rope: (Dynamic) 7 10% stretch fibers twisted climbing ropes used to belay on high elements c. Kernmantle vs. twisted rope (nitro crossing ropes are twisted and climbing ropes are kernmantle)

  6. dangerous as opposed to dynamic belays. 9. Climbing Techniques: (Use these tips when helping a participant climb!!!!) a. Maintain 3 points of contact b. Use largest muscles of body to your advantage (climb with legs) c. Breathe!! Plan each move pick individual route d. Keep weight over feet (try not to hug wall) 9. Static belay a. Use of lobster claws on the ABLE course (function of zorber to minimize shock of fall so not to exceed 900 lbs.) b. Inspection of lobster claws 9. Course inspection and hardware a. Know hardware (names and function) b. Know basic inspection principles for hardware c. Staples d. Rapid Links e. Telephone Poles f. Lumber g. Cable (3/8 inch, Galvanized 7x19 flexible aircraft cable) h. Serving sleeve (protects end of cable or cable may be capped) i. Thimble

  7. Climbing Vocabulary

  8. -The term "belay" also means the place where the belayer is anchored -Belaying refers to a variety of techniques climbers use to exert friction on a climbing rope so that a falling climber does not fall very far. -Belay To protect a roped climber from falling by passing the rope through, or around, any type of friction enhancing belay device

  9. Belay device A mechanical device used to create friction when belaying by putting bends in the rope. Belay Loop The strongest point on the harness. Belay on Called by belayer to confirm belay has been (re)applied to climbing rope. Response to On belay request.

  10. Bosun's chair To reduce pains from heavy-duty climbing using a harness; such as long-time belaying or bolting a new route, climbers attach their harness with a special type of chair, which is usually light and has multiple high endurance straps and buckles. Similar types are also used in industrial climbing.

  11. Bouldering The practice of climbing on large boulders. Carabiner Metal rings with spring-loaded gates, used as connectors. Usually oval or roughly D shaped. Also known as crab or biner Chalk A compound used to improve grip by absorbing sweat

  12. Dynamic rope A slightly elastic rope that softens falls to some extent. Also tend to be damaged less severely by heavy loads Fall To unintentionally descend under the influence of gravity. Hopefully stopped by a rope Figure eight A belay device or descender shaped like an "8".

  13. Figure-eight knot A knot commonly used to secure the climber's harness to the climbing rope. Helmet Also known as a brain bucket or skid lid. It can save your life, but only while worn. Hold A place to temporarily cling, grip, jam, press, or stand in the process of climbing.

  14. Belayer - n. a person who is belaying a climber. Figure 8 - n. a common rappel / belay device shaped like the number "8". Figure 8 knot - n. Also known as the "double figure 8" or "figure 8 follow through". The most common knot used to attach the climber's harness to the rope.

  15. Harness - n. Device the climber wears that attaches the climber to the rope so that in the event of a fall, the climber is held by the rope. (See belay.) Modern harnesses include leg loops and a waist band secured by a buckle system. They are designed to withstand far more impact force than they should ever be subjected to in use.

  16. Knots Climbers rely on many different knots for anchoring oneself to a mountain, joining two ropes together, slings for climbing up the rope, etc. Locking carabiner A carabiner with a locking gate, to prevent accidental release of the rope. Off belay Called by a climber when requesting that the belayer remove belay equipment from the climbing rope (for example, when cleaning top protection from a lead route). Replied to with Belay off.

  17. On belay What a climber calls when he is ready to be belayed. Replied to with Belay on. Static rope A non-elastic rope. Compare with dynamic rope. Tension A technique for maintaining balance using a taut rope through a point of protection.

  18. Traverse 1.To climb in a horizontal direction. 2.A section of a route that requires progress in a horizontal direction. 3.A Tyrolean traverse is crossing a chasm using a rope anchored at both ends. 4.A pendulum traverse involves swinging across a wall or chasm while suspended from a rope affixed above the climber.

  19. Rock Climbing is over 120 years old! The sport of rock climbing grew in popularity in England during the late 1880s after adventure junky William Perry Haskitt Smith made the first successful climb of the Naples Needle. People interested in sport began flocking to the region to attempt the daring feat. Smith s ascent influenced O.G. Jones in 1897 to climb Kern Knotts Crack of Great Gable Mountain. During World War II, military officers were trained in rock climbing to learn how to infiltrate enemy territories. It was also during this time that scientist invented carabiners and nylon rope to better support climbers on their mountaineering adventures.

  20. Rock climbing has its origins in mountaineering, and was and still is, a necessary skill for reaching some of the notable summits around the world. Outdoor rock climbing is usually done when the weather is dry, as it is much more dangerous and difficult to rock climb when it is wet

  21. Rock climbing is the act of scaling rock formations using natural hand and footholds. This individual sport grew out of mountaineering in the 1800s. During the 1950s, climbing accessories were greatly improved, and the sport's focus changed to scaling a specific rock wall rather than an entire mountain.

  22. Rock climbing evolved into an organized sport in the 1970s, and during the 1980s indoor and outdoor climbing walls became a popular way of practicing the sport in a controlled environment.

  23. Rock climbers are often employed to fix or maintain wind turbines, as it is usually cheaper and more efficient than using machinery to reach the turbine Rock climbers often coat their hands in chalk (magnesium carbonate), to absorb the moisture on their hands, which is said to improve their grip on the rock

  24. Rock climbing is when one climbs, up, over, or down large rock faces that can be real or fake, including especially designed indoor rock walls, to challenge one s mind and body Rock climbing competitions usually involve trying to find the quickest way to scale a rock wall. Rock climbing began as a recognized sport in the 1880s in England

  25. Racing to the top of a mountain or rock climbing wall is known as speed climbing. There are competitions around the world for this sport alone. Some of the more famous speed climbers include Dan Osman (Lover s Leap) and Peter Darmi (The Gunks). Mr. Everest, the tallest peak on earth, has been scaled time and time again. High winds, snow and treacherous cliffs makes Mt. Everest one of the most difficult mountains to rock climb. The current world record holder for fastest climb is Pemba Dorje Sherpa with a time of 8 hours and 10 minutes!

  26. The true revolutionary moment was in 1980, when the Spanish company Boreal specifically focused on sticky rubber for its Fire model (Spanish, so they re pronounced fee-ray ). The Gallego brothers, who owned Boreal, even took their shoes to Yosemite and put up a new route on El Cap with them. In 1982, John Bachar already at the top of his game adopted the Fires and began selling them in the United States. Climbing standards exploded. Since then, rubber has only gotten stickier. Five Ten s Stealth Rubber has even been used in racing tires, and some of its latest incarnations are even rumored to be able to stick (barely) to tilted panes of glass. Ironically enough, many climbers consider Boreal to have some of the least sticky rubber on the market now

  27. Many rock climbers wear special, tight, rubber soled, flexible shoes to easily grip and feel the rock beneath the climber s feet. Rock climbing usually requires special equipment, which can include gloves, a helmet, climbing ropes, harnesses, carabiners and belay devices. Rock climbing can be very dangerous, however, with the right equipment and conditions, most injuries are generally minor and are related to the fingers, shoulders and elbows.

  28. From the 18th century to the 1930s, climbers used braided hemp or even silk ropes. They were weak, cut easily, and definitely not very dynamic. After the synthetic chemical revolution of the WWII era, nylon and perlon rapidly took the place of hemp (the fact that hemp production was restricted by the Criminalization of Cannabis may have also been a factor). However, most ropes of the 1950s-60s were still braided. The most common type of rope at this time was goldline." It was cheap and VERY dynamic, but stiff, unwieldy, and twisted and kinked easily.

  29. The major revolution with the kernmantle design the term is German for core-sheath. Pioneered in 1954 by Edelrid, and made dynamic by the mid-60s, kernmantle ropes featured tightly woven, individual twists of soft nylon in their core, surrounded by a slightly tougher sheath on the outside for protection. Capable of withstanding multiple big falls, the kernmantle rope was integral to the free climbing revolution of the 1970s. Today, the design stays the same, although ropes just keep getting thinner and thinner while maintaining their strength.

  30. 1. The Nylon Kernmantle Rope Most of us have heard the mantra The leader must not fall from the old days of climbing. While a lot of that attitude had to do with poor, spaced protection, a lack of specific belay devices, and even the fact that older, easier climbs were often low-angle, the biggest danger of falling in pre-WWII climbing was that ropes were not that strong. Then, as today, the rope is one of the only parts of our protection system that we cannot backup. If it breaks, game over, man!

  31. Rock climbing is a sport where someone uses his hands and feet to climb up a rock or an artificial climbing wall. Rock climbing is a very difficult sport because you need to have a lot of strength. Rock climbers must know how to use ropes, carabiners and harnesses for their own safety Different ways of rock climbing Free climbing is where the climber's own physical strength and skill are relied on to do the climb.[1] Anchors, ropes and protection are used to back up the climber, but are only there in case of a fall and are not actively used to help the person do the climb.

  32. Bouldering is climbing on short, low routes. Because people do not climb very high, they do not need to use safety equipment. Sometimes there are used special pads to cushion a drop. Solo climbing is when a climber climbs alone, without somebody belaying them. There are several ways to climb solo. The first is roped solo climbing, which is climbing by yourself with a rope backup in case of fall. Free soloing is climbing alone without the use of any rope or protection system whatsoever.

  33. Lead climbing is used when the rope is not on top yet. The person must tie the rope to their harness and then climb up the wall. On the way the climber puts the rope through a carabiner every few metres. Here the person at the bottom must also use a knot or a securing device. Top roping is when the rope is already anchored at the top of the route. Safety equipment is needed here but many people say this kind is the safest. The person at the bottom must only keep the rope tight by using a knot or a securing device, like a Grigri

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