Challenges and Importance of Water Management in Agriculture

 
Course name –
Principles and Practices of Water
Management (AGRO 0504)
Course Credit – 
2+1
 
 
Lecture 1
Topic: 
Water and its role in plants; Irrigation:
Definition and objectives.
 
Introduction
 
Sustainable development and efficient
management of water is an increasingly
complex challenge in India. Increasing
population, growing urbanization, and rapid
industrialization combined with the need for
raising agricultural production generates
competing claims for water. There is a growing
perception of a sense of an impending water
crisis in the country.
 
importance
 
The importance of irrigation in the world is
well stated by N.D. Gulhati of India:
“Irrigation in many countries including India is
an age-old art – as old as civilization – but for
the whole world it is a modern science –
science of survival”.
 
After independence, production registered
nearly 4.52 times increase from around 50.8
million tons in 1950-51 to about 230 million
tons in 2007-08. This has been mainly
attributed to three factors viz., high yielding
cereals, expansion of area under irrigation and
fertilizer use. Irrigation may be considered as
the major factor of modern intensive
agriculture as it aids in efficient use of costly
fertilizers and other inputs besides meeting
crop water needs.
 
On the other hand, improper irrigation causes
wastage of large amounts of water, leach
mineral nutrients from the root zone into the
deeper layers contaminating groundwater,
and impairs the productivity of soil, or yield
losses may occur if insufficient water applied.
Excessive application of water causes water
logging and increase high water tables or
seepage spots to develop which may be
corrected only by the construction of
expensive drainage systems. In addition, salts
accumulate and an alkali soil may develop.
 
India, with a population of over a billion is the world’s
largest democracy, historically, civilization in India as
around the world have largely evolved and developed
around water bodies as most human activities,
including agriculture and industry depend on water. The
water situation in India seems to be going from bad to
worse. Not only is there a growing scarcity of water in
the country, the agriculturally important states like
Punjab, Haryana, Tamilnadu and Rajasthan are facing a
steady fall in their ground water levels. While the 
per
capita availability
 of utilizable water in India in 1951
was 3,450 cubic meters in 1999 it came down to 1,250
cubic meters. This according to the Ministry of Water
Resource is expected to decrease to 662 cubic meters
per person in 2050.
 
 
 
Evapotranspiration
 
Irrigation channel
 
Rain
 
D
 
 
 
Tubewell/pump
 
I
 
I
 
Seepage
 
Recycling
pump
 
Groundwater
Outflow
 
Groundwater
inflow
 
I
 
I
 
I
 
I
 
I
 
I
 
Drainage channel
 
Percolation
 
D
 
D
 
S
 
P
 
UNIT - I
Water and its role in plants
 
To add water to the soil for supplying moisture
essential for normal plant growth
 
and development
To provide crop insurance against short duration
droughts
 To leach or dilute excessive salts in the crop root zone,
thereby providing a
favourable environment in the soil profile for
absorption of water and nutrients
To soften tillage pans
 To cool the soil and atmosphere, thereby making more
favourable
 
microenvironment for plant growth
 
Irrigation – Definition
 
It is generally defined as “application of water to
soil for the purpose of supplying
 
the moisture
essential for normal plant growth and
development”.
In other words it is the human manipulation of
hydrological cycle to improve crop production and
quality and to decrease the economic effects of
drought. However, a broader and more meaningful
definition is that irrigation is the application of
water to the soil for the different purposes
 
Objective
 
To reach the principles of water management
and practices to enhance the water
productivity.
a) To increase crop production on sustainable
basis where water is
b) Modification of soil & climatic environment
c) To mitigate i.e., lessen the risk of catastrophes
caused by drought
d) To increase population of arid and sparsely
populated areas
e) National security i.e., self sufficiency in food
grain production
 
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Sustainable water management is a crucial challenge globally due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. Irrigation plays a vital role in agriculture, aiding in increased production and efficient resource utilization. However, improper irrigation practices can lead to water wastage, soil degradation, and productivity losses. India, facing a water crisis, emphasizes the need for effective water management to sustain agriculture and address declining groundwater levels.


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  1. Course name Principles and Practices of Water Management (AGRO 0504) Course Credit 2+1 Lecture 1 Topic: Water and its role in plants; Irrigation: Definition and objectives.

  2. Introduction Sustainable management of water is an increasingly complex challenge population, growing urbanization, and rapid industrialization combined with the need for raising agricultural competing claims for water. There is a growing perception of a sense of an impending water crisis in the country. development and efficient in India. Increasing production generates

  3. importance The importance of irrigation in the world is well stated by N.D. Gulhati of India: Irrigation in many countries including India is an age-old art as old as civilization but for the whole world it is a modern science science of survival .

  4. After independence, production registered nearly 4.52 times increase from around 50.8 million tons in 1950-51 to about 230 million tons in 2007-08. This has been mainly attributed to three factors viz., high yielding cereals, expansion of area under irrigation and fertilizer use. Irrigation may be considered as the major factor agriculture as it aids in efficient use of costly fertilizers and other inputs besides meeting crop water needs. of modern intensive

  5. On the other hand, improper irrigation causes wastage of large amounts of water, leach mineral nutrients from the root zone into the deeper layers contaminating groundwater, and impairs the productivity of soil, or yield losses may occur if insufficient water applied. Excessive application of water causes water logging and increase high water tables or seepage spots to develop which may be corrected only by expensive drainage systems. In addition, salts accumulate and an alkali soil may develop. the construction of

  6. India, with a population of over a billion is the worlds largest democracy, historically, civilization in India as around the world have largely evolved and developed around water bodies as most human activities, including agriculture and industry depend on water. The water situation in India seems to be going from bad to worse. Not only is there a growing scarcity of water in the country, the agriculturally important states like Punjab, Haryana, Tamilnadu and Rajasthan are facing a steady fall in their ground water levels. While the per capita availability of utilizable water in India in 1951 was 3,450 cubic meters in 1999 it came down to 1,250 cubic meters. This according to the Ministry of Water Resource is expected to decrease to 662 cubic meters per person in 2050.

  7. Rain Evapotranspiration I I I I I I D D D Seepage I I Percolation S P Groundwater inflow Recycling pump Groundwater Outflow Tubewell/pump

  8. UNIT - I Water and its role in plants To add water to the soil for supplying moisture essential for normal plant growth and development To provide crop insurance against short duration droughts To leach or dilute excessive salts in the crop root zone, thereby providing a favourable environment in the soil profile for absorption of water and nutrients To soften tillage pans To cool the soil and atmosphere, thereby making more favourable microenvironment for plant growth

  9. Irrigation Definition It is generally defined as application of water to soil for the purpose of supplying the moisture essential for normal development . In other words it is the human manipulation of hydrological cycle to improve crop production and quality and to decrease the economic effects of drought. However, a broader and more meaningful definition is that irrigation is the application of water to the soil for the different purposes plant growth and

  10. Objective To reach the principles of water management and practices to productivity. a) To increase crop production on sustainable basis where water is b) Modification of soil & climatic environment c) To mitigate i.e., lessen the risk of catastrophes caused by drought d) To increase population of arid and sparsely populated areas e) National security i.e., self sufficiency in food grain production enhance the water

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